The body beyond the body: expectation of a sensory event is enough to induce ownership over a fake hand
Open accessAbstract
More than 100 papers have been published on the rubber hand illusion since its discovery 14 years ago. The illusion has been proposed as a demonstration that the body is distinguished from other objects by its participation in specific forms of intermodal perceptual correlation. Here, we radically challenge this view by claiming that perceptual correlation is not necessary to produce the experience of this body as mine. Each of 15 participants was seated with his/her right arm resting upon a table just below another smaller table. Thus, the real hand was hidden from the participant's view and a life-sized rubber model of a right hand was placed on the small table in front of the participant. The participant observed the experimenter's hand while approaching—without touching—the rubber hand. Phenomenology of the illusion was measured by means of skin conductance response and questionnaire. Both measures indicated that participants experienced the illusion that the experimenter's hand was about to touch their hidden hand rather than the rubber hand, as if the latter replaced their own hand. This did not occur when the rubber hand was rotated by 180° or replaced by a piece of wood. This illusion indicates that our brain does not build a sense of self in a merely reactive way, via perceptual correlations; rather it generates predictions on what may or may not belong to itself.
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Perceptual correlations are not necessary for the RHI; the expectation of correlated sensory input is sufficient.
“The engagement of predictive self-models is further supported by recent evidence showing that perceptual correlations are not necessary for the RHI; the expectation of correlated sensory input is sufficient [52].”
From Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self (2013) · cites this paper as [52]
Existing evidence that expectation is sufficient to generate the RHI is parsimoniously explained if the RHI is an implicit imaginative suggestion effect.
“Existing evidence that expectation is sufficient to generate the RHI44,45(contrast Guterstam)56 is parsimoniously explained if the RHI is an implicit imaginative suggestion effect.”
From Trait phenomenological control predicts experience of mirror synaesthesia and the rubber hand illusion (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Ferri, F., Chiarelli, A. M., Merla, A., Gallese, V., & Costantini, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Parma (IT)
- University of Chieti-Pescara (IT)
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Physiology, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma 43100, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Ferri, Francesca
- Costantini, Marcello
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2013-08-22
- Volume
- 280
- Issue
- 1765
- Pages
- 20131140
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC3712451
- OpenAlex
- W2107437167
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 15.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- rubber hand illusion, body ownership, self-perception, expectations, prediction, phenomenology, skin conductance response, body schema
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Artificial Limbs, Body Image, Female, Hand, Humans, Illusions, Ownership, Visual Perception, Young Adult
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