The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neutralising antibodies predict protection from severe COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Background: Vaccine protection from COVID-19 has been shown to decline with time-since-vaccination and against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Protection against severe COVID-19 is higher than against symptomatic infection, and also appears relatively preserved over time and against variants. Although Protection protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to be strongly correlated with neutralising antibody titres, however, this relationship has been is less well described for severe COVID-19. Protection against severe COVID-19 is higher than against symptomatic infection, and also appears relatively preserved over time and against variants. Here we analyse whether neutralising antibody titre remains predictive of protection against severe COVID-19 in the face of waning neutralising antibody levels and emerging variants. Methods: We extracted data from 15 studies reporting on protection against a range of SARS-CoV-2 clinical endpoints ("any infection", "symptomatic infection" and "severe COVID-19"). We then estimated the concurrent neutralising antibody titres using existing parameters on vaccine potency, neutralising antibody decay, and loss of recognition of variants and investigated the relationship between neutralising antibody titre and vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19. Findings: Predicted neutralising antibody titres are strongly correlated with vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 (Spearman rho = .94 and 0.63 respectively, p<.001 for both), consistent with previous estimates of the relationship between neutralisation and protection. Indeed 82% (137 of 167) of reported values of protection against severe COVID-19 across a range of vaccines and variants lie within the 95% confidence intervals of the published model. Interpretation: Neutralising antibody titres are predictive of vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 including in realistic scenarios of waning immunity and viral variants. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Medical Research Future Fund (Australia).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It has been postulated that neutralizing antibodies can also protect against severe disease, albeit at lower concentrations than needed to protect against symptomatic disease [36]”
From Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Omicron subvariants: Report from a meeting of the World Health Organization (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592
Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2035389 · Cited by 10,119
Voysey, M., Clemens, S. A. C., Madhi, S. A., Weckx, L. Y., Folegatti, P. M., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Baillie, V. L., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32661-1 · Cited by 4,616
Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742 · cited 1×
“MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71(4): 139-45.”
Self-citationAn mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656
RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
Walsh, E. E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A. R., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Mulligan, M. J., Bailey, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 · Cited by 2,615
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern
Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Kirsebom, F., Toffa, S., Rickeard, T., Gallagher, E., Gower, C., Kall, M., Groves, N., O’Connell, A.-M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.21267615 · Cited by 2,420
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine through 6 Months
Thomas, S. J., Moreira, E. D., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Polack, F. P., Zerbini, C., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2110345 · Cited by 1,640
Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers
Bergwerk, M., Gonen, T., Lustig, Y., Amit, S., Lipsitch, M., Cohen, C., Mandelboim, M., Levin, E. G., Rubin, C., Indenbaum, V., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2109072 · Cited by 1,345 · cited 1×
“MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71(7): 255-63.”
Cele, S., Jackson, L., Khoury, D. S., Khan, K., Moyo-Gwete, T., Tegally, H., San, J. E., Cromer, D., Scheepers, C., Amoako, D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.21267417 · Cited by 1,333
Self-citationCorrelates of protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Feng, S., Phillips, D. J., White, T., Sayal, H., Aley, P. K., Bibi, S., Dold, C., Fuskova, M., Gilbert, S. C., Hirsch, I., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01540-1 · Cited by 1,163
Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine
Keech, C., Albert, G., Cho, I., Robertson, A., Reed, P., Neal, S., Plested, J. S., Zhu, M., Cloney-Clark, S., Zhou, H., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2026920 · Cited by 1,156
Immune correlates analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial
Gilbert, P. B., Montefiori, D. C., McDermott, A. B., Fong, Y., Benkeser, D., Deng, W., Zhou, H., Houchens, C. R., Martins, K., Jayashankar, L., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm3425 · Cited by 1,137
Early treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody sotrovimab
Gupta, A., Gonzalez-Rojas, Y., Juarez, E., Crespo Casal, M., Moya, J., Falci, D. R., Sarkis, E., Solis, J., Zheng, H., Scott, N., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2107934 · Cited by 1,086
Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Israel
Goldberg, Y., Mandel, M., Bar-On, Y. M., Bodenheimer, O., Freedman, L., Haas, E. J., Milo, R., Alroy-Preis, S., Ash, N., & Huppert, A. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114228 · Cited by 1,034
mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern
Goel, R. R., Painter, M. M., Apostolidis, S. A., Mathew, D., Meng, W., Rosenfeld, A. M., Lundgreen, K. A., Reynaldi, A., Khoury, D. S., Pattekar, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm0829 · Cited by 873
Self-citationEvidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines
Earle, K. A., Ambrosino, D. M., Fiore-Gartland, A., Goldblatt, D., Gilbert, P. B., Siber, G. R., Dull, P., & Plotkin, S. A. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.20200246 · Cited by 870
Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines
Earle, K. A., Ambrosino, D. M., Fiore-Gartland, A., Goldblatt, D., Gilbert, P. B., Siber, G. R., Dull, P., & Plotkin, S. A. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.063 · Cited by 870
Waning of BNT162b2 Vaccine Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Qatar
Chemaitelly, H., Tang, P., Hasan, M. R., AlMukdad, S., Yassine, H. M., Benslimane, F. M., Al Khatib, H. A., Coyle, P., Ayoub, H. H., Al Kanaani, Z., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114114 · Cited by 831
Duration of Protection against Mild and Severe Disease by Covid-19 Vaccines
Andrews, N., Tessier, E., Stowe, J., Gower, C., Kirsebom, F., Simmons, R., Gallagher, E., Thelwall, S., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2115481 · Cited by 807
Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Completion of Blinded Phase
El Sahly, H. M., Baden, L. R., Essink, B., Doblecki-Lewis, S., Martin, J. M., Anderson, E. J., Campbell, T. B., Clark, J., Jackson, L. A., Fichtenbaum, C. J., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2113017 · Cited by 641
Cromer, D., Steain, M., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., Khoury, D. S., & Davenport, M. P. (2022) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00267-6 · Cited by 590
Self-citationEffectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta variants
Tseng, H. F., Ackerson, B. K., Luo, Y., Sy, L. S., Talarico, C. A., Tian, Y., Bruxvoort, K. J., Tubert, J. E., Florea, A., Ku, J. H., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.22268919 · Cited by 541
Ferdinands, J. M., Rao, S., Dixon, B. E., Mitchell, P. K., DeSilva, M. B., Irving, S. A., Lewis, N., Natarajan, K., Stenehjem, E., Grannis, S. J., et al. (2022) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e2 · Cited by 435
Thompson, M. G., Natarajan, K., Irving, S. A., Rowley, E. A., Griggs, E. P., Gaglani, M., Klein, N. P., Grannis, S. J., DeSilva, M. B., Stenehjem, E., et al. (2022) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7104e3 · Cited by 398
Abani, O., Abbas, A., Abbas, F., Abbas, M. A., Abbasi, S., Abbass, H., Abbott, A., Abdallah, N., Abdelaziz, A., Abdelfattah, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00163-5 · Cited by 392
Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19
Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Wang, J. J., Selva, K. J., Reynaldi, A., Tan, H.-X., Lee, W. S., Wragg, K. M., Kelly, H. G., Esterbauer, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21444-5 · Cited by 351
Self-citationCovid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in New York State
Rosenberg, E. S., Dorabawila, V., Easton, D., Bauer, U. E., Kumar, J., Hoen, R., Hoefer, D., Wu, M., Lutterloh, E., Conroy, M. B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2116063 · Cited by 314
Early T cell and binding antibody responses are associated with COVID-19 RNA vaccine efficacy onset
Kalimuddin, S., Tham, C. Y. L., Qui, M., de Alwis, R., Sim, J. X. Y., Lim, J. M. E., Tan, H.-C., Syenina, A., Zhang, S. L.-X., Bert, N. L., et al. (2021) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2021.04.003 · Cited by 182
Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization
Cele, S., Jackson, L., Khoury, D. S., Khan, K., Moyo-Gwete, T., Tegally, H., San, J. E., Cromer, D., Scheepers, C., Amoako, D. G., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03824-5 · Cited by 177
Self-citationKhoury, D. S., Schlub, T. E., Cromer, D., Steain, M. C., Fong, Y., Gilbert, P. B., Subbarao, K., Triccas, J. A., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2023) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2902.221422 · Cited by 158
Self-citationResurgence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Highly Vaccinated Health System Workforce
Keehner, J., Horton, L. E., BINKIN, N. J., Laurent, L. C., Pride, D. T., Longhurst, C., Abeles, S. R., & Torriani, F. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2112981 · Cited by 155
Skowronski, D. M., Febriani, Y., Ouakki, M., Setayeshgar, S., El Adam, S., Zou, M., Talbot, D., Prystajecky, N., Tyson, J. R., Gilca, R., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac290 · Cited by 155
Tartof, S. Y., Slezak, J. M., Puzniak, L., Hong, V. X., Xie, F., Ackerson, B. K., Valluri, S. R., Jódar, L., & McLaughlin, J. M. (2022) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00101-1 · Cited by 151
Kent, S. J., Khoury, D. S., Reynaldi, A., Juno, J. A., Wheatley, A. K., Stadler, E., John Wherry, E., Triccas, J., Sasson, S. C., Cromer, D., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00716-1 · Cited by 139
Self-citationKatikireddi, S. V., Cerqueira-Silva, T., Vasileiou, E., Robertson, C., Amele, S., Pan, J., Taylor, B., Boaventura, V., Werneck, G. L., Flores-Ortiz, R., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02754-9 · Cited by 124
Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models
Khoury, D. S., Wheatley, A. K., Ramuta, M. D., Reynaldi, A., Cromer, D., Subbarao, K., O’Connor, D. H., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00471-1 · Cited by 115
Self-citationRanzani, O., Hitchings, M. D. T., de Melo, R. L., de França, G. V. A., Fernandes, C. D. F. R., Lind, M. L., Torres, M. S. S., Tsuha, D. H., David, L. C. S., Said, R., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33169-0 · Cited by 112
Huang, Z., Xu, S., Liu, J., Wu, L., Qiu, J., Wang, N., Ren, J., Li, Z., Guo, X., Tao, F., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02606-8 · Cited by 96
Immune correlates analysis of the ENSEMBLE single Ad26.COV2.S dose vaccine efficacy clinical trial
Fong, Y., McDermott, A. B., Benkeser, D. C., Roels, S., Stieh, D. J., Vandebosch, A., Gars, M. L., Roey, G. A. V., Houchens, C. R., Martins, K. A. O., et al. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01262-1 · Cited by 92
Monoclonal antibody levels and protection from COVID-19
Stadler, E., Burgess, M. T., Schlub, T. E., Khan, S. R., Chai, K. L., McQuilten, Z., Wood, E. M., Polizzotto, M. N., Kent, S. J., Cromer, D., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40204-1 · Cited by 63
Self-citationPoukka, E., Baum, U., PALMU, A. A. I., Lehtonen, T., Salo, H., Nohynek, H., & Leino, T. M. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.032 · Cited by 60
A meta-analysis of Early Results to predict Vaccine efficacy against OmicronPreprint
Khoury, D. S., Steain, M. C., Triccas, J. A., Sigal, A., Davenport, M. P., & Cromer, D. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.21267748 · Cited by 51
Self-citationEarly T Cell and Binding Antibody Responses are Associated with COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Efficacy OnsetPreprint
Kalimuddin, S., Tham, C. Y. L., Qui, M., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3796533 · Cited by 50
Stadler, E., Chai, K. L., Schlub, T. E., Cromer, D., Khan, S. R., Polizzotto, M. N., Kent, S. J., Beecher, C., White, H., Turner, T., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00194-5 · Cited by 45
Self-citationKemlin, D., Gemander, N., Depickère, S., Olislagers, V., Georges, D., Waegemans, A., Pannus, P., Lemy, A., Goossens, M. E., Desombere, I., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2023.02.015 · Cited by 33
Bianchi, F. P., Tafuri, S., Migliore, G., Vimercati, L., Martinelli, A., Lobifaro, A., Diella, G., Control Room Working Group, & Stefanizzi, P. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9101143 · Cited by 32
Decoupling of omicron variant infections and severe COVID-19
Madhi, S. A., Ihekweazu, C., Rees, H., & Pollard, A. J. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00109-x · Cited by 21
Monoclonal antibody levels and protection from COVID-19
(2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.22282199 · Cited by 10
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [36]Walsh EE Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 383 2439 2450 10.1056/NEJMoa2027906 33053279 PMC7583697 · DOI · Paper page
- [39]Stadler, E. et al. Determinants of passive antibody effectiveness in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preprint at medRxiv10.1101/2022.1103.1121.22272672 (2022).
- [47]Andrews, N. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern. Preprint at medRxiv10.1101/2021.1112.1114.21267615 (2021).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Omicron BA.4/BA.5 escape neutralizing immunity elicited by BA.1 infection
Khan, K., Karim, F., Ganga, Y., Bernstein, M. P., Jule, Z., Reedoy, K., Cele, S., Lustig, G., Amoako, D. G., Wolter, N., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32396-9 · Cited by 225
SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection induces rapid memory and de novo T cell responses
Koutsakos, M., Reynaldi, A., Lee, W. S., Nguyen, J. T., Amarasena, T. H., Taiaroa, G., Kinsella, P. M., Liew, K. C., Tran, T., Kent, H. E., et al. (2023) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.017 · Cited by 112
Self-citationPredicting the efficacy of variant-modified COVID-19 vaccine boosters
Khoury, D. S., Docken, S. S., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Davenport, M. P., & Cromer, D. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02228-4 · Cited by 104
Self-citationPainter, M. M., Johnston, T. S., Lundgreen, K. A., Santos, J. J. S., Qin, J. S., Goel, R. R., Apostolidis, S. A., Mathew, D., Fulmer, B., Williams, J. C., et al. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01613-y · Cited by 106
Evolution and neutralization escape of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 subvariant
Khan, K., Lustig, G., Roemer, C., Reedoy, K., Jule, Z., Karim, F., Ganga, Y., Bernstein, M. P., Baig, Z., Jackson, L., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43703-3 · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- Cromer, D., Steain, M., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Sasson, S. C., Kent, S. J., Khoury, D. S., & Davenport, M. P.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Cromer, Deborah
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2022-06-14
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1633-1633
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10036966
- OpenAlex
- W4360871696
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of New South Wales
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1149990, 1136452, 1173528)
- Medical Research Future Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, severe COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibodies, antibody waning, SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, time since vaccination, vaccine regimens, symptomatic infection
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine Efficacy, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Vaccination, Antibodies, Neutralizing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
