The cap and poly(A) tail function synergistically to regulate mRNA translational efficiency.
Open accessAbstract
The cap structure and the poly(A) tail are important regulatory determinants in establishing the translational efficiency of a messenger RNA. Although the mechanism by which either determinant functions remains poorly characterized, the interaction between the poly(A) tail-poly(A)-binding protein complex and events occurring at the 5' terminus during translation initiation has been an intriguing possibility. In this report, the mutual dependence of the cap and the poly(A) tail was studied. Poly(A)+ and poly(A)- luciferase (Luc) mRNAs generated in vitro containing or lacking a cap were translated in vivo in tobacco protoplasts, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and yeast following delivery by electroporation. The poly(A) tail-mediated regulation of translational efficiency was wholly dependent on the cap for function. Moreover, cap function was enhanced over an order of magnitude by the presence of a poly(A) tail. The relative differences in stability between the mRNAs could not account for the synergism. The synergism between the cap and poly(A) tail was not observed in yeast cells in which active translation had been disrupted. In addition, the synergism was not observed in in vitro translation lysates. These data demonstrate that the cap and the poly(A) tail are interdependent for optimal function in vivo and suggest that communication between the two regulatory determinants may be important in establishing efficient translation.
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5′-capping promotes pre-mRNA splicing.
“Screening mRNA against exonuclease activity, promoting pre-mRNA splicing, and functioning as binding site of eIF4F heterodimeric translation initiation complex are all important functions of 5′-capping (Izaurralde et al. 1994; Gallie 1991).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Gallie 1991
The paper’s opening discussion and Discussion section address the cap’s roles in translation and mRNA stability, not pre-mRNA splicing. Searches for splicing and for cap-dependent removal of introns found no passage stating that capping promotes splicing; a splicing study appears only in the References. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe poly(A) tail plays an important role in maintaining mRNA stability and translation efficiency.
“The poly(A) tail plays an important role in maintaining mRNA stability and translation efficiency.116”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [116]
5′-capping functions as binding site of eIF4F heterodimeric translation initiation complex.
“Screening mRNA against exonuclease activity, promoting pre-mRNA splicing, and functioning as binding site of eIF4F heterodimeric translation initiation complex are all important functions of 5′-capping (Izaurralde et al. 1994; Gallie 1991).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Gallie 1991
5′-capping screens mRNA against exonuclease activity.
“Screening mRNA against exonuclease activity, promoting pre-mRNA splicing, and functioning as binding site of eIF4F heterodimeric translation initiation complex are all important functions of 5′-capping (Izaurralde et al. 1994; Gallie 1991).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Gallie 1991
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- Authors
- Gallie, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallie, D R
- ORCID
- Gallie, D R
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 1991-11
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2108-2116
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- OpenAlex
- W2095950646
- Cited by
- 868
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA modifications and cancer
- Keywords
- mRNA cap, poly(A) tail, translation efficiency, poly(A)-binding protein, 5' cap, mRNA stability, translation initiation, mRNA translation regulation, in vivo translation, tobacco protoplasts, CHO cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Cricetinae, Kinetics, Luciferases, Plants, Toxic, Plasmids, Poly A, Protoplasts, RNA Caps, RNA, Messenger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nicotiana, Protein Biosynthesis, CHO Cells
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