The challenge and prospect of mRNA therapeutics landscape
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics hold the potential to cause a major revolution in the pharmaceutical industry because they can be used for precise and individualized therapy, and enable patients to produce therapeutic proteins in their own bodies without struggling with the comprehensive manufacturing issues associated with recombinant proteins. Compared with the current therapeutics, the production of mRNA is much cost-effective, faster and more flexible because it can be easily produced by in vitro transcription, and the process is independent of mRNA sequence. Moreover, mRNA vaccines allow people to develop personalized medications based on sequencing results and/or personalized conditions rapidly. Along with the great potential from bench to bedside, technical obstacles facing mRNA pharmaceuticals are also obvious. The stability, immunogenicity, translation efficiency, and delivery are all pivotal issues need to be addressed. In the recently published research results, these issues are gradually being overcome by state-of-the-art development technologies. In this review, we describe the structural properties and modification technologies of mRNA, summarize the latest advances in developing mRNA delivery systems, review the preclinical and clinical applications, and put forward our views on the prospect and challenges of developing mRNA into a new class of drug.
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mRNA vaccines still suffer from decreased efficacy due to poor RNA stability in solution and in vivo and to limited expression of the payload mRNA.
“mRNA vaccines still suffer from decreased efficacy due to poor RNA stability in solution and in vivo and to limited expression of the payload mRNA; these are all pivotal issues that need to be carefully optimized for preclinical and clinical applications3–6.”
From Combinatorial optimization of mRNA structure, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
5-methylcytidine (m5C) and pseudouridine (ψ) nucleotide modifications lower immunogenicity while increasing translation efficiency.
“5-methylcytidine (m5C) and pseudouridine (ψ) nucleotide modifications are commonly preferred in base-pair alterations as they lower immunogenicity while increasing the efficiency of translation (Weng 2020).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Weng 2020
5-methylcytidine (m5C) and pseudouridine (ψ) are the most preferred base-pair alterations because they lower immunogenicity while increasing translation efficiency.
“5-methylcytidine (m5C), and pseudouridine (ψ) are the most preferred base-pair alterations because they lower immunogenicity while increasing translation efficiency (Weng 2020).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Weng 2020
Low stability of RNA in the cell causes premature degradation of RNA, low translational efficiency, and a decrease in the level and duration of expression of the target protein.
“Low stability of RNA in the cell causes premature degradation of RNA, low translational efficiency, and a decrease in the level and duration of expression of the target protein [2].”
From Effects of Combinations of Untranslated-Region Sequences on Translation of mRNA (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
In comparison with recombinant-protein drugs, the development of mRNA-based therapeutics is faster and more flexible owing to the transcription of mRNA in a cell-free in vitro system.
“In comparison with recombinant-protein drugs, the development of mRNA-based therapeutics is faster and more flexible owing to the transcription of mRNA in a cell-free in vitro system [2].”
From Effects of Combinations of Untranslated-Region Sequences on Translation of mRNA (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The 5′ UTR is mostly retrieved from genes such as globin, Hsp70, axon dynein heavy chain 2 (DNAH2), and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD).
“In contrast, the 5′ UTR is mostly retrieved from genes such as globin, Hsp70, axon dynein heavy chain 2 (DNAH2), and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD).144,145”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [145]
Naturally occurring UTRs from highly expressed genes, such as the α- and β-globin genes, are preferred for synthetic mRNAs.
“Naturally occurring UTRs from highly expressed genes, such as the α- and β-globin genes, are preferred for synthetic mRNAs15.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
Polymers such as polyethyleneimine, protamine and polyaspartamide derivatives are already widely used for mRNA delivery.
“Polymers, such as polyethyleneimine, protamine and polyaspartamide derivatives, are already widely used for mRNA delivery7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Weng, Y., Li, C., Yang, T., Hu, B., Zhang, M., Guo, S., Xiao, H., Liang, X.-J., & Huang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Institute of Technology (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Huang, Yuanyu
- Venue
- Biotechnology Advances
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 40
- Pages
- 107534
- ISSN
- 0734-9750 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3007447370
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 290
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 12
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biotechnology Advances (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Keywords
- mRNA therapeutics, mRNA vaccines, mRNA modification, mRNA delivery systems, mRNA stability, immunogenicity, translation efficiency, in vitro transcription, personalized medicine, preclinical and clinical development
- MeSH terms
- Drug Industry, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Vaccines
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