PreprintCited by 161Cancer, Hypoxia, and MetabolismFerroptosis and cancer prognosisChromatin Remodeling and Cancer

Cancer and Altered Metabolism: Potential Importance of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases

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Kaelin, W. G.·2011·Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

Abstract

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) deregulation contributes to the Warburg effect. HIF consists of an unstable α subunit and a stable β subunit. In the presence of oxygen, HIFα becomes prolyl hydroxylated by members of the EglN (also called PHD) family, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, EglN activity is diminished and HIF levels rise. EglN1 is the primary HIF prolyl hydroxylase with EglN2 and EglN3 playing compensatory roles under certain conditions. EglN2 and EglN3 also appear to play HIF-independent roles in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The EglNs belong to a large family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that includes the TET DNA hydroxymethylases and JmjC-containing histone demethylases. Members of this superfamily can be inhibited by endogenous metabolites, including fumarate and succinate, which accumulate in tumors that have fumarate hydratase (FH) or succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) mutations, respectively, as well as by the 2-hydroxyglutarate detected in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant tumors. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases therefore provide a link between altered metabolism and cancer.

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Crossref · 10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010975

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  • Mutations in SDH or FH cause accumulation of cytosolic succinate or fumarate, which inhibits prolyl hydroxylases and leads to HIF stabilization under normoxic conditions.

    “In tumor cells, mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or fumarate hydratase (FH) cause the accumulation of cytosolic succinate or fumarate; this inhibits the activity of prolyl hydroxylases and leads to HIF stabilization under normoxic conditions”

    From Hypoxic control of metastasis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]

  • EGLN 1-3 activity and HIF-α stability are affected by iron availability and can be inhibited by Krebs cycle intermediates succinate and fumarate.

    “As a result, EGLN 1–3 activity and HIF-α stability are affected by iron availability and can be inhibited by Krebs cycle intermediates, including succinate and fumarate, which compete with 2-oxoglutarate”

    From Hypoxic control of metastasis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]

  • Both HIF-α mRNA transcription and translation are regulated by TORC1 activity.

    “Both HIF-α mRNA transcription and translation are regulated by TORC1 activity”

    From Hypoxic control of metastasis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]

  • Inactivating mutations in PTEN or TSC, as well as activating mutations in PI3K or AKT, lead to increased TORC1 activity that promotes HIF-α stabilization.

    “Inactivating mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) or the tuberosis sclerosis complex (TSC) complex, as well as activating mutations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or AKT, lead to increased TORC1 activity that promotes HIF-α stabilization”

    From Hypoxic control of metastasis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]

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Authors
Kaelin, W. G.
Affiliations
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Kaelin, W. G.
Venue
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
Published
2011-01-01
Volume
76
Issue
0
Pages
335-345
ISSN
  • 0091-7451 (ISSN-L)
  • 1943-4456
OpenAlex
W2098427962
Cited by
161
References
158
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 8
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA068490, R01CA076120, P50CA101942)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
Keywords
hypoxia-inducible factor, Warburg effect, prolyl hydroxylase, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, cancer metabolism, succinate dehydrogenase mutations, 2-hydroxyglutarate, IDH mutation, fumarate, succinic acid
MeSH terms
Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1, Animals, Glycolysis, Humans, Ketoglutaric Acids, Neoplasms, Dioxygenases, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins, Molecular Targeted Therapy

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