Parallel Implementation of High-Fidelity Multiqubit Gates with Neutral Atoms
Open accessAbstract
We report the implementation of universal two- and three-qubit entangling gates on neutral-atom qubits encoded in long-lived hyperfine ground states. The gates are mediated by excitation to strongly interacting Rydberg states and are implemented in parallel on several clusters of atoms in a one-dimensional array of optical tweezers. Specifically, we realize the controlled-phase gate, enacted by a novel, fast protocol involving only global coupling of two qubits to Rydberg states. We benchmark this operation by preparing Bell states with fidelity F≥95.0(2)%, and extract gate fidelity ≥97.4(3)%, averaged across five atom pairs. In addition, we report a proof-of-principle implementation of the three-qubit Toffoli gate, in which two control atoms simultaneously constrain the behavior of one target atom. These experiments demonstrate key ingredients for high-fidelity quantum information processing in a scalable neutral-atom platform.
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The two-pulse CZ-gate scheme can be performed much faster within ∼400 ns instead of ∼1 μs for the three-pulse approach.
“While the latter scheme is simpler, the former can be performed much faster within ∼400 ns instead of ∼1 μs for the three-pulse approach.”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The indexed passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable) says the two-pulse CZ protocol takes 0.4 μs and is faster than sequential local pulses. It gives the latter's duration as 4π/Ω, not approximately 1 μs; using the paper's stated Ω ≈ 2π × 3.5 MHz yields about 0.57 μs. The claimed three-pulse comparison time is therefore not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeutral atom quantum computers natively support single-qubit rotations, CZ, CNOT, SWAP, and CPHASE gates.
“Single-qubit rotations, CZ → CNOT [20, 38], SWAP,”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The paper’s gate-protocol passage (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) describes implementing a CZ gate and identifies it as a controlled-phase gate. Its pulse-sequence passage also describes single-qubit X rotations. The cited passages do not establish native CNOT or SWAP gates; the citing sentence’s arrow from CZ to CNOT suggests a conversion rather than a native CNOT implementation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeutral atom quantum computers natively support CCZ, Toffoli/CCNOT, CkZ, and generalisations to k control qubits.
“CCZ → Toffoli /CCNOT [20, 38], C k Z, generalisation to k”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The gate-implementation passage (indexed under Abstract; page unavailable) reports a directly implemented CCZ gate and its conversion to a Toffoli/CCNOT gate using local rotations. A later passage says the approach *could be extended* to higher multiqubit gates; it does not report native support for CkZ gates with arbitrary numbers of controls. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOwing to the Rydberg blockade, the two-qubit gate is largely independent of the exact distance between atoms, so precise inter-atom positioning is not required.
“Notably, owing to the use of the Rydberg blockade32,68, the gate is largely independent of the exact distance between atoms. Hence, precise inter-atom positioning is not required.”
From Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReadout fidelities can be improved by using non-destructive readout protocols.
“The readout-fidelities can also be improved, for instance, by using so-called non-destructive readout protocols, as mentioned in [38].”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
2-qubit gate fidelity for neutral atom quantum computers is 0.955-0.995.
“0.955-0.995 [22, 38, 42]”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
2-qubit gate execution time for neutral atom quantum computers is ∼400 ns (CZ).
“∼400 ns (CZ) [21, 38]”
From Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
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- See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/ supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.170503 for addi- tional technical details and measurements pertaining to the main text.
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“Nota-bly, owing to the use of the Rydberg blockade 32,68 , the gate is largely independent of the exact distance between atoms.”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Levine, H., Keesling, A., Semeghini, G., Omran, A., Wang, T. T., Ebadi, S., Bernien, H., Greiner, M., Vuletić, V., Pichler, H., & Lukin, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2019-10-22
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 170503-170503
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2967514345
- Cited by
- 604
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 26.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Office of Naval Research
- Center for Ultracold Atoms
- National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship
- Max Planck–Harvard Research Center for Quantum Optics
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Keywords
- neutral atoms, Rydberg atoms, hyperfine qubits, controlled-phase gate, Toffoli gate, optical tweezers, Bell state preparation, gate fidelity, quantum information processing, scalable quantum computing
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