A 22 V Compliant 56 ${\mu}$ W Twin-Track Active Charge Balancing Enabling 100% Charge Compensation Even in Monophasic and 36% Amplitude Correction in Biphasic Neural Stimulators
Abstract
Closed-loop charge balancers make a considerable contribution to a safe and secure electrical stimulation and additionally present an alternative to bulky blocking capacitors. This CMOS-integrated, 22 V compliant Twin-Track active charge balancer accomplishes both instantaneous and long-term balanced conditions. Long-term charge balancing is achieved by a cause-based PI-controlled offset compensation of the remaining electrode voltage. A Gm of only 1.5 nS offers a large (8 ms) time constant with only a 12 pF capacitor and leads to the first integrated PI-controller for offset compensation in neural implants. Instantaneous autonomous balancing is realized by a second concept, the consequence-based Inter-Pulse Charge Control. It uses a class-B architecture to supply the compensation currents. Thus, no additional references are required to define the safety window of the remaining electrode voltage. It consumes 31.8 μW in the idle state, while the delivered output power can be as high as 11 mW. The two complementary approaches can be combined to one system, providing the opportunity to achieve a better performance. The system consumes 56 μW and features a 36% mismatch correction in biphasic stimuli amplitude, as well as an autonomous 100% charge removal at maximum compensation amplitudes of 500 μA, which makes it a suitable complement to monophasic stimulators.
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Pulse-width-adaptive charge balancing has been developed as a stand-alone solution or to operate in parallel with offset compensation to overcome high-frequency current spikes blocking neural signals or interfering with next stimulating pulses.
“To overcome this, pulse-width-adaptive charge balancing has been developed as a stand-alone solution or to operate in parallel with offset compensation [147], [148].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [148]
Real-time monitoring is performed by measuring the remaining electrode voltage with respect to the reference to ensure it remains within a pre-defined safety window, e.g., ± 50 mV or ± 100 mV, using a HV fully differential transconductance amplifier.
“Real-time monitoring is performed by measuring the remaining electrode voltage with respect to the reference to ensure it remains within a pre-defined safety window, e.g., ± 50 mV or ± 100 mV, using a HV fully differential transconductance amplifier [148].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [148]
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- Authors
- Butz, N., Taschwer, A., Nessler, S., Manoli, Y., & Kuhl, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft für angewandte Forschung (DE)
- Hamburg University of Technology (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2298-2310
- ISSN
- 0018-9200 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-173X
- OpenAlex
- W2804781280
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (DFG) (MA 2193/20-1)
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence (DFG) (EXC 1086)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
- Keywords
- neural stimulator, biphasic stimulation, PI controller, class B amplifier, low-power integrated circuits, neural implants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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