An Integrated Implantable Stimulator That is Fail-Safe Without Off-Chip Blocking-Capacitors

Liu, Xiao; Demosthenous, Andreas; Donaldson, Nick

doi:10.1109/tbcas.2008.2003199

Cited by 118Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit DesignNeuroscience and Neural EngineeringRadio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design

An Integrated Implantable Stimulator That is Fail-Safe Without Off-Chip Blocking-Capacitors

Liu, Xiao, Demosthenous, Andreas, Donaldson, Nick·2008·IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems

DOI 10.1109/tbcas.2008.2003199

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We present a neural stimulator chip with an output stage (electrode driving circuit) that is fail-safe under single-fault conditions without the need for off-chip blocking-capacitors. To miniaturize the stimulator output stage two novel techniques are introduced. The first technique is a new current generator circuit reducing to a single step the translation of the digital input bits into the stimulus current, thus minimizing silicon area and power consumption compared to previous works. The current generator uses voltage-controlled resistors implemented by MOS transistors in the deep triode region. The second technique is a new stimulator output stage circuit with blocking-capacitor safety protection using a high-frequency current-switching (HFCS) technique. Unlike conventional stimulator output stage circuits for implantable functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems which require blocking-capacitors in the microfarad range, our proposed approach allows capacitance reduction to the picofarad range, thus the blocking-capacitors can be integrated on-chip. The prototype four-channel neural stimulator chip was fabricated in XFAB's 1-mum silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology and can operate from a power supply between 5-18 V. The stimulus current is generated by active charging and passive discharging. We obtained recordings of action potentials and a strength-duration curve from the sciatic nerve of a frog with the stimulator chip which demonstrate the HFCS technique. The average power consumption for a typical 1-mA 20-Hz single-channel stimulation using a book electrode, is 200 muW from a 6 V power supply. The silicon area occupation is 0.38 mm(2) per channel.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/tbcas.2008.2003199

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Fail-safe blocking capacitor-free stimulator designs have been reported and could be employed instead of blocking capacitors.
“Blocking capacitors are still useful to block direct currents (DCs), but fail-safe blocking capacitor-free stimulator designs have been reported (Liu et al. 2008; Sit and Sarpeshkar 2007), and could be employed instead.”
From Realizing flexible bioelectronic medicines for accessing the peripheral nerves – technology considerations (2018) · cites this paper as Liu et al. 2008

Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits
Razavi, B. (1999) · Cited by 6,593 · see citing works
On-chip high-voltage generation in MNOS integrated circuits using an improved voltage multiplier technique
Dickson, J. F. (1976) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.1976.1050739 · Cited by 1,692 · see citing works
Design of analog integrated circuits and systems
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-2760 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Functional Electrical Stimulation for Neuromuscular Applications
Peckham, P. H., & Knutson, J. S. (2005) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140103 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation
Baker, R. J. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470891179 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Functional Electrical Stimulation: Standing and Walking after Spinal Cord Injury
Kralj, A. R., & Bajd, T. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203755402 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
A neuro-stimulus chip with telemetry unit for retinal prosthetic device
Liu, W., Vichienchom, K., Clements, M., DeMarco, S. C., Hughes, C., McGucken, E., Humayun, M. S., de Juan, E., Weiland, J. D., & Greenberg, R. J. (2000) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/4.871327 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Electrochemical Considerations for Safe Electrical Stimulation of the Nervous System with Platinum Electrodes
Brummer, S. B., & Turner, M. J. (1977) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.1977.326218 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Functional Electrical Stimulation: Standing and Walking After Spinal Cord Injury
Condie, E., & Condie, D. (1990) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0031-9406(10)62194-3 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Activated Ir: An Electrode Suitable for Reversible Charge Injection in Saline Solution
Robblee, L. S., Lefko, J. L., & Brummer, S. B. (1983) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2119793 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
A 232-Channel Epiretinal Stimulator ASIC
Ortmanns, M., Rocke, A., Gehrke, M., & Tiedtke, H. J. (2007) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2007.908693 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
CMOS neurostimulation ASIC with 100 channels, scaleable output, and bidirectional radio-frequency telemetry
Suaning, G. J., & Lovell, N. H. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.909646 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
A variable range bi-phasic current stimulus driver circuitry for an implantable retinal prosthetic device
Sivaprakasam, M., Liu, W., Humayun, M. S., & Weiland, J. D. (2005) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2005.843630 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A Low-Power Blocking-Capacitor-Free Charge-Balanced Electrode-Stimulator Chip With Less Than 6 nA DC Error for 1-mA Full-Scale Stimulation
Sit, J.-J., & Sarpeshkar, R. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2007.911631 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Electronic design of a cochlear implant for multichannel high-rate pulsatile stimulation strategies
Zierhofer, C., Hochmair-Desoyer, I. J., & Hochmair, E. S. (1995) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.372900 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
A single-channel implantable microstimulator for functional neuromuscular stimulation
Ziaie, B., Nardin, M., Coghlan, A. R., & Najafi, K. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.634643 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
A Compact Large Voltage-Compliance High Output-Impedance Programmable Current Source for Implantable Microstimulators
Ghovanloo, M., & Najafi, K. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2004.839797 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
A Wireless Implantable Multichannel Microstimulating System-on-a-Chip With Modular Architecture
Ghovanloo, M., & Najafi, K. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2007.903970 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Neural engineering
Eliasmith, C. (2002) · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve: direct current measurement in vivo
Huang, C., Shepherd, R. K., P.M. Center, Seligman, P., & Tabor, B. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.752943 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
When are actively balanced biphasic (‘Lilly’) stimulating pulses necessary in a neurological prosthesis? I Historical background; Pt resting potential;Q studies
Donaldson, N., & Donaldson, P. E. K. (1986) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02441604 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
An advanced multiple channel cochlear implant
McDermott, H. J. (1989) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.32112 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Selective stimulation of sacral nerve roots for bladder control: A study by computer modeling
Rijkhoff, N., Holsheimer, J., Koldewijn, E. L., Struijk, J. J., Kerrebroeck, P. V., Debruyne, F. M. J., & Wijkstra, H. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.293215 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Implantable selective stimulator to improve bladder voiding: design and chronic experiments in dogs
Boyer, S., Sawan, M., Abdel-Gawad, M., Robin, S., & ELHILALI, M. M. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.895949 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Electronic design of a multichannel programmable implant for neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Arabi, K., & Sawan, M. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.769411 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Stimulus Induced pH Changes in Cochlear Implants: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Huang, C. Q., Carter, P. M., & Shepherd, R. K. (2001) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1114/1.1397793 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Architecture tradeoffs in high-density microstimulators for retinal prosthesis
Sivaprakasam, M., Liu, W., Wang, G., Weiland, J. D., & Humayun, M. S. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2005.857554 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
An arbitrary waveform stimulus circuit for visual prostheses using a low-area multibias dac
DeMarco, S. C., Liu, W., Singh, P. R., Lazzi, G., Humayun, M. S., & Weiland, J. D. (2003) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2003.817264 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Control of leg-powered paraplegic cycling using stimulation of the lumbo-sacral anterior spinal nerve roots
Perkins, T. A., Donaldson, N., Hatcher, N. A. C., Swain, I., & Wood, D. E. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2002.802860 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
An advanced demultiplexing system for physiological stimulation
Jones, K. E., & Normann, R. A. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.649992 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Long-term biocompatibility of a miniature stimulator implanted in feline hind limb muscles
Cameron, T., Liinamaa, T. L., Loeb, G. E., & Richmond, F. J. R. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.704871 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effects of regional stimulation using a miniature stimulator implanted in feline posterior biceps femoris
Cameron, T. R., RICHMOND, F. J. R., & Loeb, G. E. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.704872 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
When are actively balanced biphasic (‘Lilly’) stimulating pulses necessary in a neurological prosthesis? II pH changes; noxious products; electrode corrosion; discussion
Donaldson, N., & Donaldson, P. E. K. (1986) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02441605 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation
BION™ Implants for Therapeutic and Functional Electrical Stimulation
Loeb, G. E., & RICHMOND, F. J. R. (2000) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781420039054.ch3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Implantable FES Stimulation Systems: What is Needed?
Troyk, P. R., & Donaldson, N. (2001) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1403.2001.00196.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neuroprostheses for leg function after spinal-cord injury
Donaldson, N., Rushton, D., & Tromans, T. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)24036-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Implantable measurement technique dedicated to the monitoring of electrode-nerve contact in bladder stimulators
Donfack, C., Sawan, M., & Savaria, Y. (2000) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02345017 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Nucleus 24 Cochlear Implants
Klenzner, T., Knapp, F. B., Röhner, F., von Wallenberg, E., Mauch, H., Pedersen, P., Aschendorff, A., Laszig, R., & Lutterbach, J. (2005) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/01.mao.0000178134.96977.f5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Fully Integrated Fail-safe Stimulator Output Stage Dedicated to FES Stimulation
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2007) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2007.378507 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
An implant for chronic selective stimulation of nerves
Bugbee, M., Donaldson, N., Lickel, A., Rijkhoff, N., & Taylor, J. T. (2001) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/s1350-4533(01)00013-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Large-signal linearity of scaled MOS transistors
Garverick, S. L., & Sodini, C. G. (1987) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.1987.1052714 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Passive Neutralization of Myoelectric Interference From Neural Recording Tripoles
Pachnis, I., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2007.891170 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
New implantable stimulator for the FES of paralyzed muscles
Techer, J., Bernard, S., Bertrand, Y., Cathébras, G., & Guiraud, D. (2004) · European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) · doi:10.1109/esscir.2004.1356716 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Stimulator Output Stage with Capacitor Reduction and Failure-Checking Techniques
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2006) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2006.1692667 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Present state and future trends in electrical heart stimulation.
Schaldach, M. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stimulator for real time control of paralyzed muscles during functional electrical stimulation
Dou, H., Asres, A., Zhou, Z., & Zhu, S. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS) · doi:10.1109/icecs.1996.584612 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An implantable stimulator for selective stimulation of nerves
Bugbee, M. (2000) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Micro-stimulator design for Retinal Prostheses
Singh, P. R. (2004) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The 128-Channel Fully Differential Digital Integrated Neural Recording and Stimulation Interface
Shahrokhi, F., Abdelhalim, K., Serletis, D., Carlen, P. L., & Genov, R. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2010.2041350 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
An active approach for charge balancing in functional electrical stimulation.
Sooksood, K., Stieglitz, T., & Ortmanns, M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2010.2040277 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
A Battery-Powered Activity-Dependent Intracortical Microstimulation IC for Brain-Machine-Brain Interface
Azin, M., Guggenmos, D. J., Barbay, S., Nudo, R. J., & Mohseni, P. (2011) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2108770 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neuromodulation: present and emerging methods
Luan, S., Williams, I. A., Nikolić, K., & Constandinou, T. G. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2014.00027 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
An Energy-Efficient, Adiabatic Electrode Stimulator With Inductive Energy Recycling and Feedback Current Regulation
Arfin, S. K., & Sarpeshkar, R. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2166072 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Neuromorphic hardware for somatosensory neuroprostheses
Donati, E., & Valle, G. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44723-3 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
320-Channel Active Probe for High-Resolution Neuromonitoring and Responsive Neurostimulation
Shulyzki, R., Abdelhalim, K., Bagheri, A., Salam, M. T., Florez, C. M., Velázquez, J. L. P., Carlen, P. L., & Genov, R. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2014.2312552 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A High-Voltage-Tolerant and Precise Charge-Balanced Neuro-Stimulator in Low Voltage CMOS Process
Luo, Z., & Ker, M. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2015.2512443 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Exponential Current Pulse Generation for Efficient Very High-Impedance Multisite Stimulation
Ethier, S., & Sawan, M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2010.2073707 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A 22 V Compliant 56 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mu}$ </tex-math> </inline-formula>W Twin-Track Active Charge Balancing Enabling 100% Charge Compensation Even in Monophasic and 36% Amplitude Correction in Biphasic Neural Stimulators
Butz, N., Taschwer, A., Nessler, S., Manoli, Y., & Kuhl, M. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2018.2828823 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Realizing flexible bioelectronic medicines for accessing the peripheral nerves – technology considerations
Giagka, V., & Serdijn, W. A. (2018) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-018-0010-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Implantable neurotechnologies: electrical stimulation and applications
Nag, S., & Thakor, N. V. (2016) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-015-1442-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Directions of Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy and Parkinson’s Disease
Wu, Y.-C., Liao, Y.-S., Yeh, W.-H., Liang, S., & Shaw, F.-Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.680938 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Stimulator ASIC Featuring Versatile Management for Vestibular Prostheses
Jiang, D., Demosthenous, A., Perkins, T. A., Liu, X., & Donaldson, N. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2138139 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Wideband Near-Field Data Transmission Using Pulse Harmonic Modulation
Inanlou, F., & Ghovanloo, M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2055351 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Tripolar Current-Steering Stimulator ASIC for Field Shaping in Deep Brain Stimulation
Valente, V., Demosthenous, A., & Bayford, R. H. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2171036 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flexible Charge Balanced Stimulator With 5.6 fC Accuracy for 140 nC Injections
Nag, S., Jia, X., Thakor, N. V., & Sharma, D. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2205574 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
An HV-CMOS Integrated Circuit for Neural Stimulation in Prosthetic Applications
Bisoni, L., Carboni, C., Raffo, L., Carta, N., & Barbaro, M. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2014.2387679 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Quantification of clinically applicable stimulation parameters for precision near-organ neuromodulation of human splenic nerves
Gupta, I., Cassara, A. M., Tarotin, I., Donegà, M., Miranda, J. A., Sokal, D. M., Ouchouche, S., Dopson, W. J., Matteucci, P. B., Neufeld, E., et al. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01299-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Advances in Microelectronics for Implantable Medical Devices
Demosthenous, A. (2014) · Advances in Electronics · doi:10.1155/2014/981295 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Multi-Channel Stimulator With High-Resolution Time-to-Current Conversion for Vagal-Cardiac Neuromodulation
Wu, Y., Jiang, D., & Demosthenous, A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3139996 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does a coupling capacitor enhance the charge balance during neural stimulation? An empirical study
van Dongen, M. N., & Serdijn, W. A. (2016) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-015-1312-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Sub-10 nA DC-Balanced Adaptive Stimulator IC With Multi-Modal Sensor for Compact Electro-Acupuncture Stimulation
Song, K., Lee, H.-W., Hong, S., Cho, H., Ha, U., & Yoo, H. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2232292 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
An Integrated Stimulator With DC-Isolation and Fine Current Control for Implanted Nerve Tripoles
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2011) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2144310 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recent advances in charge balancing for functional electrical stimulation
Sooksood, K., Stieglitz, T., & Ortmanns, M. (2009) · 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5333181 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
High-Power Integrated Stimulator Output Stages With Floating Discharge Over a Wide Voltage Range for Nerve Stimulation
Langlois, P. J., Demosthenous, A., Pachnis, I., & Donaldson, N. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2009.2034138 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Implantable stimulator for bipolar stimulation without charge balancing circuits
Chun, H., Lehmann, T., & Yang, Y. (2010) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2010.5709606 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Multi-Channel Stimulator With High-Resolution Time-to-Current Conversion for Vagal-Cardiac Neuromodulation
Wu, Y., Jiang, D., & Demosthenous, A. (2022) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Trends in Volumetric-Energy Efficiency of Implantable Neurostimulators: A Review From a Circuits and Systems Perspective
Martínez, S., Veirano, F., Constandinou, T. G., & Silveira, F. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2022.3228895 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A High Precision, Wide Dynamic Range Closed-Loop Neuromodulation IC With Rapid Stimulation Artifact Recovery
Qiu, Z., Nguyen, A. T., Su, K., Yang, Z., & Xu, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3321295 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
16-Channel biphasic current-mode programmable charge balanced neural stimulation
Li, X., Zhong, S., & Morizio, J. (2017) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-017-0385-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
CMOS current-copying neural stimulator with OTA-sharing
Shulyzki, R., Abdelhalim, K., & Genov, R. (2010) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2010.5537284 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stimulus driver for epilepsy seizure suppression with adaptive loading impedance
Ker, M., Lin, C., & Chen, W.-L. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/6/066008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
High frequency switched-mode stimulation can evoke post synaptic responses in cerebellar principal neurons.
van Dongen, M. N., Hoebeek, F. E., Koekkoek, S. K. E., De Zeeuw, C. I., & Serdijn, W. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2015.00002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Challenges and Trends of Implantable Functional Electrical Neural Stimulators: System Architecture and Parameters
Katebi, M., Erfanian, A., Karami, M. A., & Sawan, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3432611 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A 24-Channel Neurostimulator IC With Channel-Specific Energy-Efficient Hybrid Preventive-Detective Dynamic-Precision Charge Balancing
Eshaghi, F., Najafiaghdam, E., & Kassiri, H. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094766 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A power‐efficient current‐mode neural/muscular stimulator design for peripheral nerve prosthesis
Liu, X., Yao, L., Ng, K. A., Li, P., Wang, W., Je, M., & Xu, Y. P. (2017) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.2434 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Charge Balance Circuit for Constant Current Neural Stimulation with Less than 8 nC Residual Charge
Yigit, H. A., Ulusan, H., Chamanian, S., & Kulah, H. (2019) · 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) · doi:10.1109/iscas.2019.8702790 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A 3-mV Precision Dual-Mode-Controlled Fast Charge Balancing for Implantable Biphasic Neural Stimulators
Cui, K., Jin, Y., Fan, X., & Ma, Y. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3366518 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Toward an Energy-Efficient High-Voltage Compliant Visual Intracortical Multichannel Stimulator
Hasanuzzaman, M., Ghane-Motlagh, B., Mounaïm, F., Hassan, A., Raut, R., & Sawan, M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems · doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2794445 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review
Habibollahi, M., Jiang, D., Lancashire, H. T., & Demosthenous, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3430038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In addition to the implementation of thick-oxide devices to achieve a fully isolated active output [140], [150], dynamic bulk biasing techniques have been studied to enable a higher stimulator compliance voltage [151] that is not limited by the diode breakdown level with the aid of charge pumps…”
Self-citation
Recent advances in power efficient output stage for high density implantable stimulators
Sooksood, K., Noorsal, E., Bihr, U., & Ortmanns, M. (2012) · 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346066 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Analysis of passive charge balancing for safe current-mode neural stimulation
Rueda, G. L. E., Ballini, M., Van Hellepute, N., & Mitra, S. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) · doi:10.1109/iscas.2017.8050621 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Zero-Voltage Switching Technique for Minimizing the Current-Source Power of Implanted Stimulators
Çilingiroğlu, U., & Ipek, S. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2225621 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Design of a net-zero charge neural stimulator with feedback control
Liu, X., Zhang, M., Sun, H., Richardson, A. G., Lucas, T. H., & der Spiegel, J. V. (2014) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2014.6981770 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
A 0.034% Charge-Imbalanced Neural Stimulation Front-End (SFE) IC With on-Chip Voltage Compliance Monitoring Circuit and Analysis on Resting Potential by Utilizing the SFE IC
Jeon, Y., Yao, L., Gao, Y., & Arasu, M. A. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2019.2919333 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A least-voltage drop high output resistance current source for neural stimulation
Sawigun, C., Ngamkham, W., van Dongen, M. N., & Wouter, A. S. (2010) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2010.5709583 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Overview of On-Chip Stimulator Designs for Biomedical Applications
Lin, C.-Y., & Ker, M.-D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience and Neuroengineering · doi:10.1166/jnsne.2012.1023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Current Monitoring and Over-Current Detection Circuit for Safe Electrical Stimulation
Huang, Y.-K., Rusu, A., & Rodriguez, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2023.3252804 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Output stage of a current-steering multipolar and multisite deep brain stimulator
Valente, V., Demosthenous, A., & Bayford, R. H. (2013) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2013.6679645 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
A new charge balancing scheme for electrical microstimulators based on modulated anodic stimulation pulse width
Maghsoudloo, E., Rezaei, M., Sawan, M., & Gosselin, B. J. (2016) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2016.7539086 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A high power efficient multi-waveform current stimulator used in implantable neural stimulation
Mooziraji, F. B., & Shoaei, O. (2016) · Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s10470-015-0684-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Neural Interfaces for Implanted Stimulators
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74658-4_37 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
A 15-V Bidirectional Current Clamp Circuit for Integrated Patch Clamp Electrophysiology
Dai, S., & Rosenstein, J. K. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2017.2647899 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A 2‐mA charge‐balanced neurostimulator in 0.18‐μm/1.8 V standard CMOS process
Hosseinnejad, M., Katebi, M., Erfanian, A., & Karami, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.3478 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Design of integrated neural stimulating and recording frontend for bladder control prosthesis
Tao, W., Li, F. R., Wang, C., Tu, G., Wang, Z., & Lü, X. (2017) · Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s10470-017-0962-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Power Efficient Time-to-Current Stimulator for Vagal-Cardiac Connection after Heart Transplantation
Wu, Y., Jiang, D., Neshatvar, N., & Demosthenous, A. (2021) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401680 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
A 0.042 mm^2 programmable biphasic stimulator for cochlear implants suitable for a large number of channelsPreprint
Ngamkham, W., van Dongen, M. N., Serdijn, W. A., Bes, C. J., Briaire, J. J., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1502.00549 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A high‐voltage stimulation chip for wearable stroke rehabilitation systems
Zeng, L., Yi, X., Shi, G., Sawan, M., & Wang, G. (2015) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.2181 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A new approach to design safe and reliable electrical stimulator
Moradi, S., Maghsoudloo, E., & Lotfi, R. (2014) · International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1504/ijbet.2014.064820 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Safety of multi-channel stimulation implants: a single blocking capacitor per channel is not sufficient after single-fault failure
Nonclercq, A., Lonys, L., Vanhoestenberghe, A., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2012) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-012-0889-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
A multichannel current stimulator chip for spatiotemporal pattern stimulation of neural tissues
Kameda, S., Hayashida, Y., Tanaka, Y., Akita, D., & Yagi, T. (2014) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944750 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Highly Compliant Current Driver for Electrical Stimulator with Compliance Monitor and Digital Controlled Offset Regulation Charge Balancing
Sooksood, K., & Noorsal, E. (2020) · International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON) · doi:10.1109/ieecon48109.2020.229551 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Multichannel Biosensing and Stimulation LSI Chip Using 0.18 µm Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Technology
Yamaguchi, M., Shimada, A., Torimitsu, K., & Nakano, N. (2010) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1143/jjap.49.04dl14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Design of a current-steering implantable stimulator with electric field shifting for deep brain stimulation
Valente, V., Demosthenous, A., & Bayford, R. H. (2010) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2010.5709596 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
An electrode-impedance-aware neurostimulator IC that achieves low-power consumption and fast charge balance
Shi, Y., Chang, Q., & Liu, X. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110058 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
An active approach for charge balancing in functional electrical stimulation
Sooksood, K., Stieglitz, T., & Ortmanns, M. (2009) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2009.5117755 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Waveform efficiency analysis of auditory nerve fiber stimulation for cochlear implants
Navaii, M. L., Sadjedi, H., & Jalali, M. (2013) · Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13246-013-0212-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
High‐voltage compliant microelectrode array drivers for intracortical microstimulation
Hasanuzzaman, M., Raut, R., & Sawan, M. (2015) · International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications · doi:10.1002/cta.2099 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Novel methods and circuits for field shaping in deep brainstimulation
Valente, V. (2011) · Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London). · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An implantable electrical stimulator for phrenic nerve stimulation
Sardarzadeh, S., & Pooyan, M. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering · doi:10.4236/jbise.2012.53018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neural Stimulation and Charge Balancing Approaches
Khanna, V. K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25448-7_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A High-Voltage, High-Current Multi-Channel Arbitrary Waveform Generator ASIC for Neural Interface and MEMS Applications
Laotaveerungrueng, N. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation
Nag, S., Sharma, D., & Thakor, N. V. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139629539.036 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Wireless Fully Implantable DBS Device for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation Applications
Su, K., Qiu, Z., Xu, K., Xu, J., & Wang, Y. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3549370 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Compact, Multi-Channel, Electronic Interface for PNS Recording and Stimulation
Carboni, C., Bisoni, L., Carta, N., & Barbaro, M. (2014) · doi:10.2316/p.2014.818-037 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Burst-pulse control of microstimulator for bladder controller
Huang, C.-Y., Lee, S.-Y., Hong, J.-H., Liang, M., & Hsieh, C. (2012) · IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS) · doi:10.1109/apccas.2012.6418977 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Charge Balanced Neural Stimulator Silicon Chip for Human-Machine Interface
Liu, X., Li, J., Mao, W., Chen, Z., Chen, Z., Wan, P., & Yu, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Electronics · doi:10.3389/felec.2021.773812 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
A biphasic current-mode stimulator integrated circuit with a novel residual charge compensation mechanism
Nath, B., Peng, S.-Y., Lo, Z.-J., Pai, Y.-H., Yeh, Y.-T., Chang, H.-H., Lu, Y.-C., Huang, S.-H., & Chang, F. (2023) · Integration · doi:10.1016/j.vlsi.2023.03.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Combined Analytical and Simulation-Based Methodology for Quantifying the Noise-Power-Area Trade-Offs in Biomedical Amplifiers
Favresse, S., Bol, D., & Flandre, D. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3414649 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A DC-isolated fine-controlled neural stimulator
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2010) · European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) · doi:10.1109/esscirc.2010.5619712 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
A 1-Wire® communication interface between a control hub and locally powered epidural stimulators
Eder, C. F., Valente, V., Donaldson, N., & Demosthenous, A. (2013) · IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) · doi:10.1109/biocas.2013.6679677 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
A stimulator ASIC with capability of neural recording during inter-phase delay
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., Jiang, D., Vanhoestenberghe, A., & Donaldson, N. (2011) · European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) · doi:10.1109/esscirc.2011.6044903 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Design of a neural stimulator system with closed-loop charge cancellation
Zheng, L., Shin, S., & Kang, S.-M. S. (2012) · IEEE/IFIP International Conference on VLSI and System-on-Chip (VLSI-SoC) · doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc.2012.6378996 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wireless Multichannel Recording/Stimulation System for Neurodynamic Studies of Aplysia
Samsukha, P. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vestibular prosthesis design for restoring balance
Jiang, D., & Demosthenous, A. (2013) · Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s10470-013-0199-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficacy of high frequency switched-mode stimulation in activating Purkinje cellsPreprint
van Dongen, M. N., Hoebeek, F. E., Koekkoek, S. K. E., Zeeuw, C. I. D., & Serdijn, W. A. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1406.7185 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
11.2 V Supply, 0.21% Biphasic Stimuli Charge-Balanced Neurostimulator With Switching Spike Suppression: An Application to Intraspinal Microstimulation for Restoring Motor Function
Katebi, M., Erfanian, A., Karami, M. A., & Sawan, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567633 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Challenges for the design of an endoscopically implanted electrostimulator.
Lonys, L., Hiernaux, M., Cauche, N., Deviere, J. M. E., Vanhoestenberghe, A., Mathys, P., & Nonclercq, A. (2011) · Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Successive-divider-line ADC dedicated to low-power medical devices
Chebli, R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Haidar, A., & Sawan, M. (2012) · Microelectronics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2012.03.010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
New charge balancing method based on imbalanced biphasic current pulses for functional electrical stimulation
Moradi, S., Maghsoudloo, E., & Lotfi, R. (2012) · Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1109/iraniancee.2012.6292367 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current-Based Neurostimulation Circuit and System Techniques
Shirafkan, R., & Shoaei, O. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6623-9_42-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bladder Control Implants
Lee, S.-Y., & Huang, C.-Y. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3447-4_34 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Design of stimulus driver to suppress epileptic seizure with adaptive loading consideration
Chen, W., Lin, C., & Ker, M. (2010) · International Symposium on Next-Generation Electronics · doi:10.1109/isne.2010.5669138 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current-Based Neurostimulation Circuit and System Techniques
Shirafkan, R., & Shoaei, O. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3447-4_42 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Introduction
van Dongen, M. N., & Serdijn, W. A. (2016) · Analog circuits and signal processing/Analog circuits and signal processing series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28131-5_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development of an Implanted Neural Prostheses
Liu, H., Wang, W., & Zhang, Z. (2011) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23214-5_23
A Brain-Machine-Brain Interface for Rewiring of Cortical Circuitry after Traumatic Brain Injury
Nudo, R. J. (2011) · doi:10.21236/ada561375
Challenges in circuits for visual prostheses
Chen, J.-T., Tang, K., & Wang, G. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2013.6571922
Power efficient output stages for high density implantable stimulators — Review and outlook
Sooksood, K., & Ortmanns, M. (2012) · International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON) · doi:10.1109/ecticon.2012.6254258

A Fully Integrated Fail-safe Stimulator Output Stage Dedicated to FES Stimulation
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2007) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2007.378507 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
A fail-safe ASIC for implantable neural stimulation
Liu, X., & Demosthenous, A. (2007) · European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) · doi:10.1109/esscirc.2007.4430342 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
A DC-isolated fine-controlled neural stimulator
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2010) · European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) · doi:10.1109/esscirc.2010.5619712 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
An Integrated Stimulator With DC-Isolation and Fine Current Control for Implanted Nerve Tripoles
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2011) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2144310 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Stimulator Output Stage with Capacitor Reduction and Failure-Checking Techniques
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2006) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2006.1692667 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
University College London (GB)
ORCID: Liu, Xiao
Demosthenous, Andreas
Donaldson, Nick
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2008-09
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Pages: 231-244
ISSN: 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
1940-9990
DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2008.2003199
OpenAlex: W2139389722
Cited by: 118
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 6.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University College London
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/F009593/1)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Keywords: implantable neural stimulator, fail-safe design, blocking capacitor, current source, voltage-controlled resistor, functional electrical stimulation, SOI CMOS, power consumption, sciatic nerve stimulation, action potential, strength-duration curve

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

An Integrated Implantable Stimulator That is Fail-Safe Without Off-Chip Blocking-Capacitors

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks