An active approach for charge balancing in functional electrical stimulation.
Abstract
Charge balancing is a major concern in functional electrical stimulation, since any excess charge accumulation over time leads to electrolysis with electrode dissolution and tissue destruction. This paper presents a new active approach for charge balancing using long-term offset regulation. Therefore, the electrode voltage is briefly monitored after each stimulation cycle and checked if it remains within a predefined voltage range. If not, an offset current is adjusted in order to track the biphasic current mismatch in upcoming stimulations. This technique is compared to a previously introduced active charge balancer as well as commonly used passive balancing techniques. Subsequently, the techniques are verified through experiments on a platinum black electrode in 0.9% saline solution.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The short-time pulse insertion technique can achieve controllable compensation.
“As for the short-time pulse insertion technique, it can achieve controllable compensation.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Sooksood et al., 2010
Cites
Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
Cogan, S. F. (2008) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518 · Cited by 2,243 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols
Merrill, D. R., Bikson, M., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020 · Cited by 2,078 · see citing works
A 232-Channel Epiretinal Stimulator ASIC
Ortmanns, M., Rocke, A., Gehrke, M., & Tiedtke, H. J. (2007) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2007.908693 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationRattay, F. (1990) · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-3271-5 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Sivaprakasam, M., Liu, W., Humayun, M. S., & Weiland, J. D. (2005) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2005.843630 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A Wireless Implantable Multichannel Microstimulating System-on-a-Chip With Modular Architecture
Ghovanloo, M., & Najafi, K. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2007.903970 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
An Integrated Implantable Stimulator That is Fail-Safe Without Off-Chip Blocking-Capacitors
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2008.2003199 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve: direct current measurement in vivo
Huang, C., Shepherd, R. K., P.M. Center, Seligman, P., & Tabor, B. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.752943 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
A CMOS Chip With Active Pixel Array and Specific Test Features for Subretinal Implantation
Rothermel, A., Liu, L., Aryan, N. P., Fischer, M. D., Wuenschmann, J., Kibbel, S., & Harscher, A. (2009) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2008.2007436 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Electrical Nerve Stimulation: Theory, Experiments and Applications
Rattay, F. (1990) · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Donaldson, N., & Donaldson, P. E. K. (1986) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02441604 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A Partial-Current-Steering Biphasic Stimulation Driver for Vestibular Prostheses
Constandinou, T. G., Georgiou, J., & Toumazou, C. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2008.927238 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Schüettler, M., Franke, M., Krueger, T. B., & Stieglitz, T. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.03.016 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationA Chip for an Implantable Neural Stimulator
Gudnason, G., Bruun, E., & Haugland, M. K. (2000) · Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing · doi:10.1023/a:1008328228307 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Matching Technique for Biphasic Stimulation Pulse
Lee, E. K. F., & Lam, A. (2007) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2007.378031 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Charge Balancing in Functional Electrical Stimulators: A Comparative Study
Ortmanns, M. (2007) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2007.378802 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationELECTRODE MATERIALS FOR RECORDING AND STIMULATION
Stieglitz, T. C. (2004) · Series on bioengineering and biomedical engineering · doi:10.1142/9789812561763_0015 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationAn experimental study on passive charge balancing
Sooksood, K., Stieglitz, T. C., & Ortmanns, M. (2009) · Advances in radio science · doi:10.5194/ars-7-197-2009 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationA Fully Integrated Fail-safe Stimulator Output Stage Dedicated to FES Stimulation
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2007) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2007.378507 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Five valuable functions of blocking capacitors in stimulators
Liu, X., Demosthenous, A., & Donaldson, N. (2008) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A general adaptive charge-balancing stimulator
Hu, J., & Gordon, C. (2008) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.2008.4616890 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhang, M., Tang, Z., Liu, X., & Van der Spiegel, J. (2020) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-020-0390-3 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Noorsal, E., Sooksood, K., Xu, H., Hornig, R., Becker, J., & Ortmanns, M. (2012) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, H.-M., Kwon, K. Y., Li, W., & Ghovanloo, M. (2015) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2355814 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Arfin, S. K., & Sarpeshkar, R. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2166072 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A Fully Intraocular High-Density Self-Calibrating Epiretinal Prosthesis
Monge, M., Raj, M., Nazari, M. H., Chang, H.-C., Zhao, Y., Weiland, J. D., Humayun, M. S., Tai, Y.-C., & Emami, A. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2014.2298334 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Butz, N., Taschwer, A., Nessler, S., Manoli, Y., & Kuhl, M. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2018.2828823 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lyu, H., Wang, J., La, J.-H., Chung, J. M., & Babakhani, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2852680 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Retinal Stimulator ASIC Architecture Based on a Joint Power and Data Optical Link
Lemaire, W., Benhouria, M., Koua, K., Besrour, M., Gauthier, L.-P., Martin-Hardy, G., Rossignol, T., Roy, S., & Fontaine, R. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.3045141 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Shadmani, A., Viswam, V., Chen, Y., Bounik, R., Dragas, J., Radivojevic, M., Geissler, S., Sitnikov, S., Muller, J., & Hierlemann, A. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2018.2890530 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Does a coupling capacitor enhance the charge balance during neural stimulation? An empirical study
van Dongen, M. N., & Serdijn, W. A. (2016) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-015-1312-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits
Li, J., Liu, X., Mao, W., Chen, T., & Yu, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.663204 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yao, L., Li, P., & Je, M. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC) · doi:10.1109/asscc.2015.7387478 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
van Dongen, M. N., Hoebeek, F. E., Koekkoek, S. K. E., De Zeeuw, C. I., & Serdijn, W. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2015.00002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Charge Balance Circuit for Constant Current Neural Stimulation with Less than 8 nC Residual Charge
Yigit, H. A., Ulusan, H., Chamanian, S., & Kulah, H. (2019) · 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) · doi:10.1109/iscas.2019.8702790 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review
Habibollahi, M., Jiang, D., Lancashire, H. T., & Demosthenous, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3430038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…by continuous adjustment of the source/sink currents with dynamic current copying in push-pull architectures, [44], [66], and by insertion of a short pulse train that instantaneously corrects the residual charge, or via [137] compensation of the excess charge as an offset current [135], [144].”
Analysis of passive charge balancing for safe current-mode neural stimulation
Rueda, G. L. E., Ballini, M., Van Hellepute, N., & Mitra, S. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) · doi:10.1109/iscas.2017.8050621 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Capacitive feedthroughs for medical implants
Grob, S., Tass, P. A., & Hauptmann, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00404 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sooksood, K., Stieglitz, T., & Ortmanns, M.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 162-170
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2151411838
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- charge balancing, functional electrical stimulation, biphasic stimulation, electrolysis, electrode dissolution, platinum black electrodes, saline solution, passive balancing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
