Efficiency Analysis of Waveform Shape for Electrical Excitation of Nerve Fibers
Open accessAbstract
Stimulation efficiency is an important consideration in the stimulation parameters of implantable neural stimulators. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of waveform shape and duration on the charge, power, and energy efficiency of neural stimulation. Using a population model of mammalian axons and in vivo experiments on cat sciatic nerve, we analyzed the stimulation efficiency of four waveform shapes: square, rising exponential, decaying exponential, and rising ramp. No waveform was simultaneously energy-, charge-, and power-optimal, and differences in efficiency among waveform shapes varied with pulse width (PW). For short PWs (< or = 0.1 ms), square waveforms were no less energy-efficient than exponential waveforms, and the most charge-efficient shape was the ramp. For long PW s (> or = 0.5 ms), the square was the least energy-efficient and charge-efficient shape, but across most PW s, the square was the most power-efficient shape. Rising exponentials provided no practical gains in efficiency over the other shapes, and our results refute previous claims that the rising exponential is the energy-optimal shape. An improved understanding of how stimulation parameters affect stimulation efficiency will help improve the design and programming of implantable stimulators to minimize tissue damage and extend battery life.
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All the reports above suggest that the strength-duration curve can vary depending on the stimulation waveform.
“All the reports above suggest that the strength-duration curve can vary depending on the stimulation waveform [89].”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
Wonsarnpigoon et al. found none of the waveforms-square, rising ramp, rising exponential and decaying exponential-were optimal in terms of all three parameters evaluated (energy, charge, and power).
“None of the waveforms—square, rising ramp, rising exponential and decaying exponential—were optimal in terms of all three parameters evaluated.”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
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- Authors
- Wongsarnpigoon, A., Woock, J. P., & Grill, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Grill, Warren M.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 319-328
- ISSN
- 1534-4320 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0210
- PMC
- PMC3071515
- OpenAlex
- W2140643174
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS040894, R01NS050514)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- neurostimulation, wave shape, implantable neural stimulator, energy efficiency, charging efficiency, power efficiency, pulse duration, square waveform, battery life
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Axons, Cats, Computer Simulation, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Nerve Fibers, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Sciatic Nerve, Models, Statistical
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