A Fully Intraocular High-Density Self-Calibrating Epiretinal Prosthesis
Abstract
This paper presents a fully intraocular self-calibrating epiretinal prosthesis with 512 independent channels in 65 nm CMOS. A novel digital calibration technique matches the biphasic currents of each channel independently while the calibration circuitry is shared among every 4 channels. Dual-band telemetry for power and data with on-chip rectifier and clock recovery reduces the number of off-chip components. The rectifier utilizes unidirectional switches to prevent reverse conduction loss in the power transistors and achieves an efficiency > 80%. The data telemetry implements a phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation scheme and supports data rates up to 20 Mb/s. The system occupies an area of 4.5 ×3.1 mm². It features a pixel size of 0.0169 mm² and arbitrary waveform generation per channel. In vitro measurements performed on a Pt/Ir concentric bipolar electrode in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) are presented. A statistical measurement over 40 channels from 5 different chips shows a current mismatch with μ = 1.12 μA and σ = 0.53 μA. The chip is integrated with flexible MEMS origami coils and parylene substrate to provide a fully intraocular implant.
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Active charge balancing can be achieved by continuous adjustment of the source/sink currents with dynamic current copying in push-pull architectures, and by insertion of a short pulse train that instantaneously corrects the residual charge, or via compensation of the excess charge as an offset current.
“This can be achieved by continuous adjustment of the source/sink currents with dynamic current copying in pushpull architectures, [44], [66], and by insertion of a short pulse train that instantaneously corrects the residual charge, or via compensation of the excess charge as an offset current [135], [144].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [135]
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“Another shortcoming of all passive solutions is the lack of control over the success of the discharge method [135], [145].”
- Authors
- Monge, M., Raj, M., Nazari, M. H., Chang, H.-C., Zhao, Y., Weiland, J. D., Humayun, M. S., Tai, Y.-C., & Emami, A.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 747-760
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2090583902
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NSF Biomimetic MicroElectronic Systems¿Engineering Research Center (BMES-ERC)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
- Keywords
- epiretinal prosthesis, intraocular implants, self-calibration, digital calibration, CMOS integrated circuit, phase-shift keying, bipolar electrodes, current mismatch, parylene substrate, flexible implants, retinal prosthesis
- MeSH terms
- Calibration, Electronics, Medical, Equipment Design, Humans, Models, Biological, Telemetry, Visual Prosthesis, Neural Prostheses
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