Myostatin in relation to physical activity and dysglycaemia and its effect on energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle cells
Abstract
AIM: Some health benefits of exercise may be explained by an altered secretion of myokines. Because previous focus has been on upregulated myokines, we screened for downregulated myokines and identified myostatin. We studied the expression of myostatin in relation to exercise and dysglycaemia in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and plasma. We further examined some effects of myostatin on energy metabolism in primary human muscle cells and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes. METHODS: Sedentary men with or without dysglycaemia underwent a 45-min acute bicycle test before and after 12 weeks of combined endurance and strength training. Blood samples and biopsies from m. vastus lateralis and adipose tissue were collected. RESULTS: Myostatin mRNA expression was reduced in skeletal muscle after acute as well as long-term exercise and was even further downregulated by acute exercise on top of 12-week training. Furthermore, the expression of myostatin at baseline correlated negatively with insulin sensitivity. Myostatin expression in the adipose tissue increased after 12 weeks of training and correlated positively with insulin sensitivity markers. In cultured muscle cells but not in SGBS cells, myostatin promoted an insulin-independent increase in glucose uptake. Furthermore, muscle cells incubated with myostatin had an enhanced rate of glucose oxidation and lactate production. CONCLUSION: Myostatin was differentially expressed in the muscle and adipose tissue in relation to physical activity and dysglycaemia. Recombinant myostatin increased the consumption of glucose in human skeletal muscle cells, suggesting a complex regulatory role of myostatin in skeletal muscle homeostasis.
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Exercise-induced downregulation of MSTN improves body composition.
“Metabolically, exercise-induced MSTN downregulation represents an important mechanism through which exercise enhances muscle mass, improves body composition, and increases insulin sensitivity [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Exercise-induced downregulation of MSTN increases insulin sensitivity.
“Metabolically, exercise-induced MSTN downregulation represents an important mechanism through which exercise enhances muscle mass, improves body composition, and increases insulin sensitivity [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Acute exercise significantly reduces skeletal muscle myostatin levels, and the extent of downregulation is positively correlated with exercise duration.
“Acute exercise significantly reduces skeletal muscle MSTN levels, and the extent of downregulation is positively correlated with exercise duration [58,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Long-term regular exercise persistently lowers baseline myostatin levels in both skeletal muscle and circulation, and performing acute exercise again after long-term training leads to further reduction in myostatin expression.
“Long-term regular exercise persistently lowers baseline MSTN levels in both skeletal muscle and circulation, and performing acute exercise again after long-term training leads to further reduction in MSTN expression [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Exercise downregulates myostatin expression, with the magnitude of reduction depending on exercise mode, duration, and intensity.
“Exercise downregulates MSTN expression, with the magnitude of reduction depending on exercise mode, duration, and intensity.”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Exercise-induced downregulation of myostatin (MSTN) enhances muscle mass.
“Metabolically, exercise-induced MSTN downregulation represents an important mechanism through which exercise enhances muscle mass, improves body composition, and increases insulin sensitivity [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
In men with or without dysglycaemia who underwent a 30-45 min cycle test before and after 12 weeks of combined training, myostatin mRNA expression was reduced in skeletal muscle after acute exercise and further reduced over 12 weeks of training.
“They found that myostatin mRNA expression was reduced in SkM after acute exercise and was further reduced over 12 weeks of training”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Hjorth et al., 2016
In men with or without dysglycaemia who underwent 12 weeks of combined training, myostatin expression in adipose tissue increased after 12 weeks and correlated positively with insulin sensitivity markers.
“while myostatin expression in AT increased after 12 weeks of training and correlated positively with insulin sensitivity markers (Table 1).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Hjorth et al., 2016
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Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations
Hoffmann, C., & Weigert, C. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029793 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Leal, L. G., Lopes, M. A., & Batista, M. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01307 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
“A recent study investigated the relationship between myostatin, physical activity and dysglycaemia in men with or without dysglycaemia who underwent a 30–45min cycle test before and after 12 weeks of combined training (Hjorth et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLangleite, T. M., Jensen, J., Norheim, F., Gulseth, H. L., Tangen, D. S., Kolnes, K. J., Heck, A., Storås, T., Grøthe, G., Dahl, M. A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2016.1202985 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationSarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact
Nishikawa, H., Enomoto, H., Nishiguchi, S., & Iijima, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041917 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Myokines: Metabolic regulation in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Chen, Z.-T., Weng, Z.-X., Lin, J. D., & Meng, Z.-X. (2024) · Life Metabolism · doi:10.1093/lifemeta/loae006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Perry, C. A., Van Guilder, G. P., & Butterick, T. A. (2022) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-022-00516-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14050212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Acute exercise significantly reduces skeletal muscle MSTN levels, and the extent of downregulation is positively correlated with exercise duration [58,59].”
- Authors
- Hjorth, M., Pourteymour, S., Görgens, S. W., Langleite, T. M., Lee, S., Holen, T., Gulseth, H. L., Birkeland, K. I., Jensen, J., Drevon, C. A., & Norheim, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Department of Nutrition Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Hjorth, M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-12-09
- Volume
- 217
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-60
- ISSN
- 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-1716
- OpenAlex
- W2180688893
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universitetet i Oslo
- Helse Sør-Øst RHF
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- myostatin, myokines, physical activity, dysglycemia, insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, energy metabolism, glucose uptake, glucose oxidation, lactic acid production, vastus lateralis
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Aged, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Blood Glucose, Energy Metabolism, Gigantism, Glucose, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Intellectual Disability, Middle Aged, Blotting, Western, Glucose Clamp Technique, Exercise, Down-Regulation, Muscle, Skeletal, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Muscle Cells, Genetic Diseases, X-Linked, Myostatin, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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