Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 729

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape

Open access
Pan, Xueni, Hamilton, Antonia F. de C.·2018·British Journal of Psychology
DOI 10.1111/bjop.12290
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

As virtual reality (VR) technology and systems become more commercially available and accessible, more and more psychologists are starting to integrate VR as part of their methods. This approach offers major advantages in experimental control, reproducibility, and ecological validity, but also has limitations and hidden pitfalls which may distract the novice user. This study aimed to guide the psychologist into the novel world of VR , reviewing available instrumentation and mapping the landscape of possible systems. We use examples of state‐of‐the‐art research to describe challenges which research is now solving, including embodiment, uncanny valley, simulation sickness, presence, ethics, and experimental design. Finally, we propose that the biggest challenge for the field would be to build a fully interactive virtual human who can pass a VR Turing test – and that this could only be achieved if psychologists, VR technologists, and AI researchers work together.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/bjop.12290

Cites

26 of 26 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 26 references

Research works printed but not linked: 63

  1. 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2007.12.002 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.1007/s10919-007-0034-6 · DOI
  3. Baltrusaitis T. Robinson P. &Morency L.‐P.(2016).OpenFace: An open source facial behavior analysis toolkit. 2016 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) (pp.1–10).IEEE.https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2016.7477553 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00601 · DOI · Paper page
  5. 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.003 · DOI
  6. 10.1023/A:1010069907461 · DOI · Paper page
  7. 10.1109/38.799723 · DOI · Paper page
  8. 10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Cruz‐Neira C. Sandin D. J. &DeFanti T. A.(1993).Surround‐screen projection‐based virtual reality. Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques – SIGGRAPH ‘93 (pp.135–142).ACM Press New York NY.https://doi.org/10.1145/166117.166134 · DOI · Paper page
  10. 10.1016/B978-0-12-407187-2.00002-2 · DOI · Paper page
  11. 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00576 · DOI · Paper page
  12. 10.1038/srep23829 · DOI
  13. 10.1167/15.12.52 · doi:10.1167/15.12.52
  14. DeVault D. Artstein R. Benn G. Dey T. Fast E. Gainer A. …Morency L.‐P.(2014).SimSensei Kiosk : A virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support. International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi‐Agent Systems (pp.1061–1068). Retrieved fromhttps://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415
  15. Ekman P., 1972, Emotion in the human face: Guide‐lines for research and an integration of findings
  16. 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.036 · DOI
  17. 10.1007/s10803-016-2930-2 · DOI
  18. Garau M. Slater M. Vinayagamoorthy V. Brogni A. Steed A. &Sasse M. A.(2003).The impact of avatar realism and eye gaze control on perceived quality of communication in a shared immersive virtual environment. Proceedings of the conference on Human factors in computing systems – CHI ‘03 (p.529).ACM Press New York NY.https://doi.org/10.1145/642611.642703 · doi:10.1145/642700.642703
  19. 10.1007/978-3-319-47665-0_25 · DOI
  20. Gratch J., 2013, Virtual humans: A new toolkit for cognitive science research, McNeill, 2005, 41
  21. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.07.016 · DOI · Paper page
  22. 10.1038/srep35295 · DOI
  23. Hale J., 2017, The virtual maze: A behavioural tool for measuring trust, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
  24. 10.1073/pnas.0711099105 · DOI · Paper page
  25. 10.1089/cyber.2014.0213 · DOI
  26. Kahl S. &Kopp S.(2017).Self‐other distinction in the motor system during social interaction: A computational model based on predictive processing. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Retrieved fromhttps://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/2910276/2911411
  27. 10.1145/3015783.3015791 · DOI
  28. 10.3758/s13423-012-0341-8 · DOI
  29. 10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.001 · DOI · Paper page
  30. 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.030 · DOI
  31. 10.1016/j.concog.2015.09.011 · DOI
  32. 10.1371/journal.pone.0117532 · DOI
  33. 10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811 · DOI · Paper page
  34. 10.1371/journal.pone.0032931 · DOI
  35. 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00790 · DOI
  36. Pan X. &Slater M.(2011).Confronting a moral dilemma in virtual reality: A pilot study. Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human‐Computer Interaction.British Computer Society. Retrieved fromhttps://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2305326 · DOI
  37. 10.1080/10400435.2006.10131917 · DOI
  38. 10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.016 · DOI · Paper page
  39. 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00726.x · DOI · Paper page
  40. 10.1371/journal.pone.0027591 · DOI
  41. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.017 · DOI · Paper page
  42. 10.1006/nimg.2001.0988 · DOI
  43. 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.241 · DOI · Paper page
  44. 10.1038/srep08507 · DOI
  45. 10.1093/scan/nsr025 · DOI · Paper page
  46. 10.1162/jocn.2009.21401 · DOI · Paper page
  47. 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00633 · DOI
  48. 10.1080/15213260903287267 · DOI
  49. 10.1371/journal.pone.0000039 · DOI · Paper page
  50. 10.3389/neuro.09.006.2008 · DOI · Paper page
  51. 10.3389/neuro.01.029.2009 · DOI · Paper page
  52. 10.1371/journal.pone.0052766 · DOI · Paper page
  53. 10.3389/frobt.2016.00074 · DOI · Paper page
  54. 10.3389/frobt.2014.00009 · DOI · Paper page
  55. 10.1518/hfes.45.3.504.27254 · DOI · Paper page
  56. 10.1109/VR.2016.7504689 · DOI · Paper page
  57. 10.1038/s41598-017-09497-3 · DOI
  58. 10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.001 · DOI · Paper page
  59. 10.1162/105474600566989 · DOI · Paper page
  60. F. M. F. Verberne J. Ham A. Ponnada C. J. H. Midden 2013 Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Germany 234 245 · DOI
  61. 10.1126/science.347.6218.116 · doi:10.1126/science.347.6218.116
  62. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.053 · DOI
  63. Zhao R., 2016, Socially‐aware virtual agents: Automatically assessing dyadic rapport from temporal patterns of behavior, 218, 10.1007/978-3-319-47665-0_20 · DOI

Cited by

See all 729

Metadata

Authors
Pan, X., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C.
Venue
British Journal of Psychology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-03-05
Volume
109
Issue
3
Pages
395-417
ISSN
  • 0007-1269 (ISSN-L)
  • 2044-8295
DOI
10.1111/bjop.12290
OpenAlex
W2794136334
Cited by
729
References
26
FWCI
57.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • H2020 European Research Council (INTERACT 313398)
  • Leverhulme Trust

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/bjop.12290
The paper
Pan, X., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2018). Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape. British Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12290

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.