Sleep, circadian rhythms, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
Over the last 60 years we have seen a significant rise in metabolic disease, especially type 2 diabetes. In the same period, the emergence of electricity and artificial lighting has allowed our behavioural cycles to be independent of external patterns of sunlight. This has led to a corresponding increase in sleep deprivation, estimated to be about 1 hour per night, as well as circadian misalignment (living against the clock). Evidence from experimental animals as well as controlled human subjects have shown that sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment can both directly drive metabolic dysfunction, causing diabetes. However, the precise mechanism by which these processes contribute to insulin resistance remains poorly understood. In this article, we will review the new literature in the field and propose a model attempting to reconcile the experimental observations made. We believe our model will serve as a useful point of reference to understand how metabolic dysfunction can emerge from sleep or circadian rhythm disruptions, providing new directions for research and therapy.
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With a larger, heterogeneous, negative population, more false positives should arise because people differ biologically.
“We expected with a larger, heterogeneous, negative population, more false positives should arise because people differ biologically55.”
From Sleep and temperature data from wearable devices support noninvasive detection of diabetes mellitus in a large-scale, retrospective analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
Table 1 (Introduction; page unavailable) discusses large, diverse populations in sleep research, but not negative populations or false-positive results. Searches for “false positive” and diagnostic specificity found no passage linking biological differences to an increase in false positives. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Parameswaran, G., & Ray, D. W.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ray, David W.
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-10-12
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-20
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- PMC
- PMC8939263
- OpenAlex
- W3207192575
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/P023576/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, circadian misalignment, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, artificial lighting, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Lighting, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation
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