Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults
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Abstract
Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns of light exposure do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding of the underpinning mechanisms and emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust lighting to promote optimal physical and mental health and performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way of quantifying the influence of light on the intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate these effects. The present report provides recommendations for lighting, based on an expert scientific consensus and expressed in an easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. The recommendations are supported by detailed analysis of the sensitivity of human circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses to ocular light and provide a straightforward framework to inform lighting design and practice.
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In 2022, Brown and colleagues published a consensus paper proposing targeting light exposure levels for day-active, healthy adults.
“In 2022, Brown and colleagues published a consensus paper proposing targeting light exposure levels for day‐active, healthy adults [66].”
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Effectiveness of evening phototherapy for insomnia is reduced by bright daytime light exposure
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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“Sleep hygiene, such as room temperature, adequate darkness, noise, and comfort of bed and pillows, would be simple actions to ensure a healthy environment [84,85].”
BackgroundLight exposure behaviors predict mood, memory and sleep quality
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Brown, T. M., Brainard, G. C., Cajochen, C., Czeisler, C. A., Hanifin, J. P., Lockley, S. W., Lucas, R. J., Münch, M., O’Hagan, J. B., Peirson, S. N., Price, L. L. A., Roenneberg, T., Schlangen, L. J. M., Skene, D. J., Spitschan, M., Vetter, C., Zee, P. C., & Wright, K. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Public Health England (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, Timothy M.
- Wright, Kenneth P.
- ORCID
- Brown, Timothy M.
- Brainard, George C.
- Cajochen, Christian
- Czeisler, Charles A.
- Hanifin, John P.
- Lockley, Steven W.
- Lucas, Robert J.
- Münch, Mirjam
- O’Hagan, John B.
- Peirson, Stuart N.
- Price, Luke L. A.
- Roenneberg, Till
- Schlangen, Luc J. M.
- Skene, Debra J.
- Spitschan, Manuel
- Vetter, Céline
- Zee, Phyllis C.
- Wright, Kenneth P.
- Venue
- PLOS Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2022-03-17
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e3001571
- ISSN
- 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7885
- PMC
- PMC8929548
- OpenAlex
- W4220935272
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 150 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 63.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion)
- The Medicine Forum (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/N014901/1)
- University of Manchester, Centre for Biological Timing and Neuroscience and Mental Health Domain
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sleep, wakefulness, melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance, melanopsin, lighting design, neuroendocrine response, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Cognition, Eye, Humans, Lighting, Sleep, Wakefulness
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