Top-down influences on visual processing
Open accessAbstract
Re-entrant or feedback pathways between cortical areas carry rich and varied information about behavioural context, including attention, expectation, perceptual tasks, working memory and motor commands. Neurons receiving such inputs effectively function as adaptive processors that are able to assume different functional states according to the task being executed. Recent data suggest that the selection of particular inputs, representing different components of an association field, enable neurons to take on different functional roles. In this Review, we discuss the various top-down influences exerted on the visual cortical pathways and highlight the dynamic nature of the receptive field, which allows neurons to carry information that is relevant to the current perceptual demands.
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The Bayesian framing has difficulty accounting for the context-sensitivity and task-dependence of neural responses.
“Perhaps most problematically, the Bayesian framing has difficulty accounting for the context-sensitivity and task-dependence of neural responses. The same neural circuits may perform different functions depending on behavioral context, attentional state, or motivational factors—a flexibility that sits uncomfortably with strict Bayesian formulations (Gilbert and Li 2013).”
From The myth of the Bayesian brain (2025) · cites this paper as Gilbert and Li 2013
The “Perceptual task” section (page unavailable) says that neuronal tuning changes with the task even when the stimulus is identical, and that neurons can serve different functions in different behavioral contexts. The cited passages do not say that Bayesian formulations have difficulty accounting for this flexibility; the paper contrasts it with classical feedforward accounts instead. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeural responses show remarkable context-sensitivity, with the same circuits serving different roles in processing different behavioral states, neuromodulatory influences, and task demands.
“Neural responses show remarkable context-sensitivity, with the same circuits serving different roles in processing different behavioral states, neuromodulatory influences, and task demands (Bargmann 2012; Gilbert and Li 2013).”
From The myth of the Bayesian brain (2025) · cites this paper as Gilbert and Li 2013
The Perceptual task and Circuit mechanisms of top-down control sections (pages unavailable) describe neurons changing their functional roles with behavioral context and task demands. Our copy does not establish the claimed role of neuromodulatory influences; it discusses feedback and top-down control instead. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHumans usually pay more attention to high-level visual effects like layouts, colors, and the existence of contents rather than detailed content.
“This suggests that humans usually pay more attention to highlevel visual effects like layouts, colors, and the existence of contents rather than the detailed content, reflecting the top-down processing (Gilbert and Li, 2013) of humans.”
From Design2Code: Benchmarking Multimodal Code Generation for Automated Front-End Engineering (2025) · cites this paper as Gilbert and Li, 2013
The ‘Object oriented and feature oriented attention’ section (page unavailable) describes attention to objects and features such as color, and links top-down processing to scene segmentation. It does not say humans usually favor layouts, colors, or the presence of content over detailed content. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSynchronization of firing across the cortical column is commonly observed during decision-making and is attributed to top-down feedback regulation.
“Such synchronization of firing across the cortical column is commonly observed (32) during decision-making that is attributed to top–down feedback regulation (33, 34) that influences experience-derived predictions (10), establishment of attentional state (35) and working memory (36).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
In “Circuit mechanisms of top-down control” (page unavailable), the paper says attention can increase synchronization within V4 and between the frontal eye fields and V4, and relates neural synchrony to connectivity shaped by top-down influences. It does not establish that firing across a cortical column is commonly synchronized during decision-making or that such synchronization is specifically caused by feedback regulation. The citing sentence places a separate citation on the observation of synchronization, but this source still supports the feedback explanation only in a narrower, task-dependent context. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTraditional theories of perceptual processing have failed to adequately explain why sensory cortices are infused with masses of descending connections.
“Traditional theories of perceptual processing have failed to adequately explain why sensory cortices are infused with masses of descending connections.”
From Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception (2020) · cites this paper as [204]
Emergence of synchronous modulation, dimensionality collapse, and strong suppression locked to sensory stimulation are known neural correlates of top-down regulated attention and decision-making processes.
“Emergence of synchronous modulation (33, 34), dimensionality collapse (46), and strong suppression locked to sensory stimulation (47, 48) are known neural correlates of top–down regulated attention (35) and decision-making processes (3–5).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Gilbert, C. D., & Li, W.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Gilbert, Charles D.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-04-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 350-363
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC3864796
- OpenAlex
- W1996938738
- Cited by
- 1,224
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY007968, EY 007968)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- top-down effects, visual processing, feedback pathways, attention, expectations, perceptual tasks, working memory, motor signals, visual cortex, association fields, active vision
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention, Humans, Vision, Ocular, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, Nonlinear Dynamics
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