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The way forward in biochar research: targeting trade‐offs between the potential wins
Open accessAbstract
Biochar application to soil is currently widely advocated for a variety of reasons related to sustainability. Typically, soil amelioration with biochar is presented as a multiple‐‘win’ strategy, although it is also associated with potential risks such as environmental contamination. The most often claimed benefits of biochar (i.e. the ‘wins’) include (i) carbon sequestration; (ii) soil fertility enhancement; (iii) biofuel/bioenergy production; (iv) pollutant immobilization; and (v) waste disposal. However, the vast majority of studies ignore possible trade‐offs between them. For example, there is an obvious trade‐off between maximizing biofuel production and maximizing biochar production. Also, relatively little attention has been paid to mechanisms, as opposed to systems impacts, behind observed biochar effects, often leaving open the question as to whether they reflect truly unique properties of biochar as opposed to being simply the short‐term consequences of a fertilization or liming effect. Here, we provide an outline for the future of soil biochar research. We first identify possible trade‐offs between the potential benefits. Second, to be able to better understand and quantify these trade‐offs, we propose guidelines for robust experimental design and selection of appropriate controls that allow both mechanistic and systems assessment of biochar effects and trade‐offs between the wins. Third, we offer a conceptual framework to guide future experiments and suggest guidelines for the standardized reporting of biochar experiments to allow effective between‐site comparisons to quantify trade‐offs. Such a mechanistic and systems framework is required to allow effective comparisons between experiments, across scales and locations, to guide policy and recommendations concerning biochar application to soil.
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“Conversion of forest residues to biochar in the pellet form also helps to capture carbon from the environment and store it in the soil, thus reducing CO 2 in the atmosphere, in addition to increasing soil productivity and enhancing soil carbon [2,10].”
From Lifecycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of Biochar Pellet Production from Forest Residues and Field Application (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
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Salillas, E. C., Boldrin, A., & Astrup, T. F. (2013) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.014 · Cited by 36
Whitman, T. L., Scholz, S. M., & Lehmann, J. C. (2010) · Carbon Management · doi:10.4155/cmt.10.4 · Cited by 34
Self-citationConversion of tannery waste to useful products
Muralidhara, H. S., Maggin, B., & Phipps, H. (1982) · Resources and Conservation · doi:10.1016/0166-3097(82)90052-9 · Cited by 27
Cayuela, M. L., Kuikman, P. J., Bakker, R. R. C., & van Groenigen, J. W. (2013) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12102 · Cited by 15
Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region
Sombroek, W. G. (2024) · doi:10.18174/197523 · Cited by 11
Soils and runaway global warming: Terra incognita
Baveye, P. C. (2007) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.1080/00224561.2007.12435993 · Cited by 9
Biochar and Waste Law: A Comparative Analysis
den bergh, C. V. (2009) · European Energy and Environmental Law Review · doi:10.54648/eelr2009020 · Cited by 6
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Higgins JPT, 2009, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2
- Nilesen MN, 2002, Microorganisms as indicators of soil health
- Rondon MA, 2005, 3rd USDA Symposium on Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture and Forestry
- Sohi SP, 2009, Biochar's Roles in Soil and Climate Change: A Review of Research Needs
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhu, X., Chen, B., Zhu, L., & Xing, B. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.032 · Cited by 1,021
Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects
El-Naggar, A., Lee, S. S., Rinklebe, J., Farooq, M., Song, H., Sarmah, A. K., Zimmerman, A. R., Ahmad, M., Shaheen, S. M., & Ok, Y. S. (2019) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.034 · Cited by 959
Biochar in climate change mitigation
Lehmann, J., Cowie, A., Masiello, C. A., Kammann, C., Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Cayuela, M. L., Camps-Arbestain, M., & Whitman, T. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8 · Cited by 970
Self-citationBiochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields
Jeffery, S., Abalos, D., Prodana, M., Bastos, A. C., van Groenigen, J. W., Hungate, B. A., & Verheijen, F. (2017) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa67bd · Cited by 776
Self-citationBiochar application for the remediation of salt-affected soils: Challenges and opportunities
Ullah, S., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Naeem, A., Rengel, Z., & Naidu, R. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.257 · Cited by 709
Metadata
- Authors
- Jeffery, S., Bezemer, T. M., Cornelissen, G., Kuyper, T. W., Lehmann, J., Mommer, L., Sohi, S. P., van de Voorde, T. F. J., Wardle, D. A., & van Groenigen, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) PO Box 50 Wageningen 6700 AB The Netherlands
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NO)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Jeffery, Simon
- ORCID
- Venue
- GCB Bioenergy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-12-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-1707
- OpenAlex
- W2134207910
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 21
- FWCI
- 35.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Graduate School Production Ecology and Resource Conservation (PE&RC 12043)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- biochar, soil amendment, trade-offs, carbon sequestration, soil fertility, biofuel production, contaminant immobilization, waste disposal, experimental design, standardized reporting, soil contamination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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