Clocks and the black box: circadian influences on gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion

Chappell, P. E.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01270.x

Cited by 62Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesCircadian rhythm and melatoninReproductive Biology and Fertility

Clocks and the black box: circadian influences on gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion

Chappell, P. E.·2005·Journal of Neuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01270.x

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Abstract

Although the mechanisms underlying hypothalamic surge secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in rodent models have remained enduring mysteries in the field of neuroendocrinology, the identities of two fundamental constituents are clear. Elevated ovarian oestrogen, in conjunction with circadian signals, combine to elicit GnRH surges that are confined to the afternoon of the proestrus phase. The phenomenon of oestrogen positive feedback, although extensively investigated, is not completely understood, and may involve the actions of this steroid directly on GnRH perikarya, as well as on the activity of neuronal afferents. Additionally, whereas many studies have focused upon regulation of GnRH surge secretion by the neuroanatomical biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, it remains unclear why this daily signal is capable of stimulating surges only in the presence of oestrogen. This review re-examines multiple models of circadian control of reproductive neurosecretion, armed with the recent characterisation of the intracellular transcriptional feedback loops that comprise the circadian clock, and attempts to evaluate previous studies on this topic within the context of these new discoveries. Recent advances reveal the presence of oscillating circadian clocks throughout the central nervous system and periphery, including the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, raising the possibility that synchrony between multiple cellular clocks may be involved in GnRH surge generation. Current studies are reviewed that demonstrate the necessity of functional clock oscillations in generating GnRH pulsatile secretion in vitro, suggesting that a GnRH-specific intracellular circadian clock may underlie GnRH surges as well. Multiple possible steroidal and neuronal contributions to GnRH surge generation are discussed, in addition to how these signals of disparate origin may be integrated at the cellular level to initiate this crucial reproductive event.

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In traditional laboratory rodents, lesions of the SCN eliminate ovulation and produce a state of persistent estrus.
“In traditional laboratory rodents (rats, mice, hamsters), circadian regulation of the HPG axis has received particular attention because lesions of the SCN eliminate ovulation and produce a state of persistent estrus [39, 154].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [39]
The SCN sends a daily signal to GnRH neurons; when estrogen levels are high, this signal helps drive the GnRH/LH surge that leads to ovulation.
“Further investigation revealed that the SCN sends a signal daily to GnRH neurons. When estrogen levels are high, this signal helps drive the GnRH/LH surge that leads to ovulation [39].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [39]
There are pronounced species differences in the degree of circadian regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, so it makes sense that gonadal hormone feedback should be similarly diverse.
“Indeed, since there are pronounced species differences in the degree of circadian regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis [39], it makes sense that gonadal hormone feedback should be similarly diverse.”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [39]
The feedback model seems to make the most sense when applied to traditional laboratory rodents (rats, mice, hamsters) that have strong circadian regulation of ovulation and mating.
“Also, the feedback model seems to make the most sense when applied to traditional laboratory rodents (rats, mice, hamsters) that have strong circadian regulation of ovulation and mating [39].”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [39]

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Effect of estrogen on the expression of Cry1 and Cry2 mRNAs in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of female rats
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Amplitude and frequency modulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release
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Immortalized Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Cells Express Components of Multiple Circadian Regulatory Pathways
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Authors: Chappell, P. E.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Chappell, P. E.
ORCID: Chappell, P. E.
Venue: Journal of Neuroendocrinology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 119-130
ISSN: 0953-8194 (ISSN-L)
1365-2826
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01270.x
OpenAlex: W2117622717
Cited by: 62
References: 129
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 0.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 18 d)
Locations: Journal of Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
Keywords: gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH surge, circadian clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus, hypothalamus, proestrus, anterior pituitary
MeSH terms: Animals, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Hypothalamus, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Pituitary Gland, Anterior

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Clocks and the black box: circadian influences on gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion

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