Systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors
Abstract
Summary: A systematic review and meta‐analysis were carried out to study the effects of low‐carbohydrate diet (LCD) on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors (search performed on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus databases). A total of 23 reports, corresponding to 17 clinical investigations, were identified as meeting the pre‐specified criteria. Meta‐analysis carried out on data obtained in 1,141 obese patients, showed the LCD to be associated with significant decreases in body weight (−7.04 kg [95% CI −7.20/−6.88]), body mass index (−2.09 kg m−2[95% CI −2.15/−2.04]), abdominal circumference (−5.74 cm [95% CI −6.07/−5.41]), systolic blood pressure (−4.81 mm Hg [95% CI −5.33/−4.29]), diastolic blood pressure (−3.10 mm Hg [95% CI −3.45/−2.74]), plasma triglycerides (−29.71 mg dL−1[95% CI −31.99/−27.44]), fasting plasma glucose (−1.05 mg dL−1[95% CI −1.67/−0.44]), glycated haemoglobin (−0.21% [95% CI −0.24/−0.18]), plasma insulin (−2.24 micro IU mL−1[95% CI −2.65/−1.82]) and plasma C‐reactive protein, as well as an increase in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.73 mg dL−1[95%CI 1.44/2.01]). Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine did not change significantly, whereas limited data exist concerning plasma uric acid. LCD was shown to have favourable effects on body weight and major cardiovascular risk factors; however the effects on long‐term health are unknown.
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A recent meta-analysis by Santos et al. reported that low-carbohydrate diets lead to significantly favourable changes in body weight and major cardiovascular risk factors.
“A recent meta-analysis by Santos et al. (12) reported that low-carbohydrate diets lead to significantly favourable changes in body weight and major cardiovascular risk factors.”
From Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet <i>v.</i> low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
Santos et al.'s analysis was based only on individuals who had adopted a low-carbohydrate diet, comparing final values against baseline values.
“Nevertheless, this analysis was based only on the individuals who had adopted a low-carbohydrate diet, comparing final values against baseline values.”
From Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet <i>v.</i> low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Santos, F. L., Esteves, S. S., da Costa Pereira, A., Yancy Jr, W. S., & Nunes, J. P. L.
- Affiliations
- Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia (PT)
- Centro Hospitalar do Porto (PT)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Nunes, J. P. L.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-08-21
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1048-1066
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2110483590
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate diet, cardiovascular risk factors, weight loss, obesity, blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, C-reactive protein, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, uric acid, abdominal circumference
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Insulin, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
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