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Verbal and Visuospatial Short-Term and Working Memory in Children: Are They Separable?
Open accessAbstract
This study explored the structure of verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in children between ages 4 and 11 years. Multiple tasks measuring 4 different memory components were used to capture the cognitive processes underlying working memory. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the processing component of working memory tasks was supported by a common resource pool, while storage aspects depend on domain-specific verbal and visuospatial resources. This model is largely stable across this developmental period, although some evidence exists that the links between the domain-specific visuospatial construct and the domain-general processing construct were higher in the 4- to- 6-year age group. The data also suggest that all working memory components are in place by 4 years of age.
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“These approaches are based on compelling evidence that the working memory system is characterized by a single central executive controller that operates on the functionally and anatomically separate phonological and visuospatial short-term memory subsystems (Baddeley, 2007; Alloway et al., 2006; Smith et al., 1996).”
From Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach (2020) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Support for this model includes replicated evidence that the phonological and visuospatial storage systems are functionally and anatomically distinct, as well as replicated evidence supporting a single, domain-general central executive rather than separate central executive components for processing phonological and visuospatial information (Baddeley, 2007; Alloway et al., 2006; Smith et al., 1996”
From Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach (2020) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Developmentally, there is evidence that the different components of working memory follow different trajectories of maturation, and that this divergence of developmental pathways begins relatively early (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Working memory can be divided based on whether it refers to verbal or visual-spatial information, and these systems can be further subdivided into short-term storage/maintenance and updating/processing components (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006).”
From Inhibitory control and working memory in post-institutionalized children (2013) · cites this paper as Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006
In the citing paper
“There is substantial evidence that it is not. Across many studies employing a wide range of paradigms, it has been shown that visuo-spatial tasks show a far greater reliance on general attentional resources than their verbal equivalents (Alloway et al., 2006; Kane et al., 2004; Morey & Miron, 2016; Pearson et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2006).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“However, verbal and visuo-spatial memory span are largely independent in both children and adults (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006; Baddeley, Papagno, & Vallar, 1988; Della Sala, Gray, Baddeley, Allamano, & Wilson, 1999).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006
In the citing paper
“Across many studies employing a wide range of paradigms, it has been shown that visuo-spatial tasks show a far greater reliance on general attentional resources than their verbal equivalents (Alloway et al., 2006; Kane et al., 2004; Morey & Miron, 2016; Pearson et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2006).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“the conclusion of the task analysis was that there is not a highly developed STM system for storing visuo-spatial material (Alloway et al., 2006; Kane et al., 2004; Pearson et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2006).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
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Items 601–700 of 933
Cécillon, F.-X., Mermillod, M., Leys, C., Bastin, H., Lachaux, J.-P., & Shankland, R. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14030034 · Cited by 14
“…multiple subtests, and some researchers or clinicians may consider the forward digit recall component as assessing short-term memory, while backward recall may require more attention, making it a complex span task reflecting both the phonological loop and the central executive of WM [16,17].”
BackgroundMaintenance and manipulation of object sequences in working memory: a lifespan study
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“This indicates that while different storage components are implicated in verbal and spatial short-term memory, a common mechanism underlying the reconstruction of serial order contributing to performance in both domains may be present [2].”
BackgroundWorking memory functioning in deaf primary school children: Implications for inclusive education
Cockcroft, K., Dhana-Dullabh, H., & Greenop, K. (2010) · Education as Change · doi:10.1080/16823206.2010.522054 · Cited by 6
Computer use and behavior problems in twice-exceptional students
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“Test–retest reliability for the listening recall is .88 and for the spatial recall task is .79 (Alloway et al., 2006; test validity is reported in Alloway et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationWei, X., Xiaoxiang, C. H. E. N., He, L., & Liqun, L. I. U. (2017) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.14704/nq.2017.15.2.1071 · Cited by 6
Memoria operativa, comprensión lectora y rendimiento escolar
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“The existence and functioning of these stores has been supported by studies of children and adults, as well as by neuro-imaging research (Alloway, Gathercole, and Pickering 2006; Bayliss et al. 2003; Jonides, Lacey, and Nee 2005).”
MethodResultSimilarities and Differences between Verbal and Visual Metaphor Processing: an EEG Study
Ojha, A., Ervas, F., Gola, E., & Indurkhya, B. (2019) · Multimodal Communication · doi:10.1515/mc-2019-0006 · Cited by 6
Memoria operativa, comprensión lectora y rendimiento escolar
Guzmán, B., Véliz, M., & Reyes, F. (2018) · Literatura y lingüística · doi:10.29344/0717621x.35.1432 · Cited by 6
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Relative Contribution of Verbal Working Memory and Attention to Child Language
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“For example, the backwards digit span task requires participants to listen to a list of digits read to them, and when prompted, orally repeat this list to the assessor in reverse order (e.g., Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundA verbális fluencia és a munkamemória életkori változásai és szerepük az iskolai teljesítményben
Tánczos, T. (2014) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.2197 · Cited by 8
How Is Reading Related to Working Memory?—A Cross‐Sectional Developmental Perspective
Laskay‐Horváth, C., Aranyi, G., Pachner, O. C., Remete, E. P., & Kemény, F. (2025) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.70019 · Cited by 6
“The phonological loop is the verbal component of the WM model of Baddeley and Hitch (1974), which is independent of the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive (Alloway et al. 2006; Shah and Miyake 1996).”
Auditory short-term memory in children with cochlear implant
Mohamed, S., Hamid, A. A., Hady, A. F. A., & HEBA, M. D. L. S. M. (2016) · The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.4103/1012-5574.181084 · Cited by 5
Arztmann, M., Alfaro, J. L. D., Hornstra, L., Wong, J., Jeuring, J. T., & Liesbeth Kester, A. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13565 · Cited by 9
Shin, J., Noh, S., Park, J., Jun, S. B., & Sung, J. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11363-6 · Cited by 5
“Subsequent studies have further supported the idea that impaired hearing can significantly contribute to the deterioration of WM capacity 28–30 suggesting that targeting cognitive function in older adults with ARHL early on could be a key intervention point to potentially slow further decline.”
Developmental pattern of digit span in Spanish population.
Sebastián, M. V., & Hernández-Gil, L. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Working memory capacity and structure in monolinguals and bilinguals
Anjomshoae, F., Nicoladis, E., & Gagnon, R. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2021.1923722 · Cited by 5
“For monolinguals, the distinction between verbal and visuospatial memory has been observed in previous studies from at least the age of four years (Alloway et al., 2006; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Campos et al., 2013; Gathercole et al., 2004; Gray et al., 2017; Michalczyk et al., 2013; Soliman, 2014).”
Exploring Working Memory, Self-Criticism, and Rumination as Factors Related to Self-Harm
Carpenter, R. K., & Alloway, T. P. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221074258 · Cited by 8
“Test–retest reliability for the listening recall is .88 and for the spatial recall task is .79 (Alloway et al., 2006; test validity is reported in Alloway et al., 2009).”
MethodSelf-citationYasmin, T., Hafeez, H., Sadia, A., Lubna, M., Tarar, S. A., Raza, M. H., & Basra, M. A. R. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103777 · Cited by 8
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“…was decided in light of previous evidence showing that in the age group considered in the present study, performance in complex span tasks tends to load into a single factor regardless of whether tasks are from the verbal or visuospatial domain (e.g., Alloway et al., 2006; Michalczyk et al., 2013).”
The Structure of Working Memory and Its Relationship with Intelligence in Japanese Children
Ikeda, Y., Kita, Y., Oi, Y., Okuzumi, H., Lanfranchi, S., Pulina, F., Mammarella, I. C., Allen, K. N., & Giofrè, D. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11080167 · Cited by 6
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“This suggests that younger girls do indeed outperform boys on delayed recall, a finding that might be related to a better development of strategy use by girls (Cox & Waters, 1986), and this is line with studies that report no sex differences for the other measures of verbal learning (Alloway et al., 2006; Gathercole e…”
ResultDiferença entre span verbal e visual nos gêneros: estudo piloto
Pedrassa, M. C., & Ferreira, T. D. L. (2012) · Revista CEFAC · doi:10.1590/s1516-18462012005000061 · Cited by 5
Dučić, B. (2017) · Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija · doi:10.5937/specedreh16-12656 · Cited by 4
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“These data go beyond previous correlational studies (Adams & Gathercole, 2000; Alloway et al., 2006; Gray et al., 2017) and provide new insights into the degree of differentiation between pSTM and verbal WM and their specific involvement in language acquisition.”
ResultVisual search strategies in children: A reflection of working memory processes?
Guilbert, A., Perguilhem, S., & Guiraud-Vinatea, H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2020.1830033 · Cited by 5
“A study of Alloway et al. (2006) showed that WM in childhood can be modeled as a domain-general construct that coordinates separate verbal and visuospatial storage, which is consistent with previous WM theories.”
Thinking inside the box: Mental manipulation of working memory contents in 3- to 7-year-old children
Reindl, E., Parkash, D., Völter, C. J., & Seed, A. M. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101068 · Cited by 5
Chess, visual memory and geometric transformations
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Freund, M.-J., Gnambs, T., Lockl, K., & Wolter, I. (2021) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-021-00591-9 · Cited by 5
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Linguistic Influences on Mathematical Cognition
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Executive Functions in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“Studies show that WM and STM appear to operate independently of each other (Engle et al., 1999; Passolunghi & Siegel, 2004; Alloway et al., 2006; Swanson, 2006).”
BackgroundWorking memory and phonological awareness.
Milwidsky, C. (2009) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 5
Zheng, Q., & Shum, K. K. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06213-1 · Cited by 4
“This structural framework has been observed in children as young as 4 years old (Alloway et al., 2006).”
Hancock, N., Redmond, S. M., Fox, A. B., Ash, A. C., & Hogan, T. P. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2025_ajslp-24-00052 · Cited by 5
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“…of EF, such as IC in the Stroop task (Archibald & Kerns, 1999; Gerstadt et al., 1994; Roebers et al., 2011), WM in the Backwards Digit Span (Alloway, 2007; Alloway et al., 2006; Blackwell, 2001; Woodcock et al., 2001) and CF in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting task (Zelazo, 2003; 2006).”
McGonnell, M., Orr, M., Backman, J. E., Johnson, S. A., Davidson, F., & Corkum, P. V. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104246 · Cited by 5
Arztmann, M., Alfaro, J. L. D., Hornstra, L., Wong, J., Jeuring, J. T., & Liesbeth Kester, A. (2025) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2025.100721 · Cited by 4
Funciones ejecutivas: unidad-diversidad y trayectorias del desarrollo
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Cognitive Profiles in Preschool Children at Risk for Co-Occurring Dyslexia and ADHD
Kellens, S., Baeyens, D., & Ghesquière, P. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14040435 · Cited by 6
“For working memory, we measured each of the three subcomponents [30,31,89].”
MethodRELATION BETWEEN TWO SCORING PROCEDURES TO ASSESS AUDITORY MEMORY AND SEQUENCING ABILITIES
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[Paper] VisuoSpats: A Gamified Application to Measure Visuospatial Working Memory Volume
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Normierung der Testbatterie COGBAT bei Jugendlichen im Alter von 12 bis 15 Jahren
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Fonologinių gebėjimų apibrėžtis, įvertinimas bei sąsajos su skaitymo sutrikimu (disleksija)
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Eriksen, A. D., Olsen, A., & Sigmundsson, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.981915 · Cited by 7
“, 2019) and has in many studies been linked with early academic performance (Bull and Scerif, 2001; Alloway et al., 2006; St Clair-Thompson and Gathercole, 2006; McClelland et al., 2007; Bull and Lee, 2014; Zelazo et al., 2016; Allen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAntisocial Behavior: Exploring Behavioral, Cognitive, and Environmental Influences on Expulsion
Alloway, T. P., Lawrence, A., & Rodger, S. (2013) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2931 · Cited by 4
Self-citationUnterscheidet sich die Struktur des Arbeitsgedächtnisses bei Schulkindern mit und ohne Lernstörung?
Schuchardt, K., Roick, T., Mähler, C., & Hasselhorn, M. (2008) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637.40.3.147 · Cited by 4
Working memory subsystems are impaired in chronic drug dependents
Soliman, A. M., Gadelrab, H. F., & Elfar, R. M. (2012) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2012.00679.x · Cited by 4
Investigation of Turkish Nonword Repetition List for 3-9 Years Children
Acarlar, F. (2014) · Cited by 4
Rischard, M. E., & Cromer, L. D. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00252-6 · Cited by 4
“Workingmemory is the capacity by which information is maintained, transformed, or manipulated over brief periods of time (Alloway et al. 2006).”
BackgroundThe benefits of computerised working memory assessment
Alloway, T. P. (2011) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2011.28.2.8 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBrekelmans, G., Evans, B. G., & Wonnacott, E. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/63dhn · Cited by 4
The process structure of memory abilities in early and middle childhood.Preprint
Buchberger, E., Brandmaier, A. M., Lindenberger, U., Werkle‐Bergner, M., & Ngo, C. T. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p84a6 · Cited by 2
Working Memory and Higher-Order Cognition in Children
Tillman, C. M. (2008) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) · Cited by 4
Compensatory Relation Between Executive Function and Fluid Intelligence in Predicting Math Learning
Vasilyeva, M., Lu, L., Damoah, K. M., & Laski, E. V. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15070790 · Cited by 4
Neurodevelopmental disorders: assessing and training working memory
Ferreira, P. C., David, C., Costescu, C. A., Vera, L., Herrera, G., Lopes, S., Stilwell, D., Ferreira, A. I., Domingues, D., Brito, J., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02912-9 · Cited by 3
“Working memory capacity and training in children with developmental disorders has received little attention from the research community, as opposed to children with a normative development [21].”
Pho, B., Stevenson, R. A., Saljoughi, S., Mohsenzadeh, Y., & Stojanoski, B. B. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101439 · Cited by 4
“Although previous work has suggested that verbal and visuospatial working memory remain relatively distinct in children ages 4 – 11 (Alloway et al., 2006), our results suggest this may not be the case.”
ResultHe, G., Song, W., Dong, P., Xu, C., Zhou, Y., Ye, H., & Zhang, Q. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14100897 · Cited by 3
“The task used a similar task and procedure to that of Prencipe et al. [1] and Al-loway [22].”
MethodGinzburg, J., Fornoni, L., Aguera, P., Pierre, C., Caclin, A., & Moulin, A. M. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14178 · Cited by 3
Cognitive and home predictors of precocious reading and math before formal education
Kapteijns, B., van de Ven, M., van Hoogmoed, A. H., & Kroesbergen, E. H. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106159 · Cited by 4
Funciones ejecutivas: unidad-diversidad y trayectorias del desarollo
Herreras, E. B. (2015) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.11.1.13790 · Cited by 4
Visual relations children find easy and difficult to process in figural analogies
Stevenson, C. E., Alberto, R. A., van den Boom, M., & de Boeck, P. A. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00827 · Cited by 3
Koppenol‐Gonzalez, G. V., Bouwmeester, S., & Vermunt, J. K. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.01.007 · Cited by 3
Возрастные изменения управляющих функций у детей 6-7 лет
Zakharova, M. N., & Мачинская, Р. И. (2022) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v15i81.1079 · Cited by 3
Parker, A., Parkin, A., & Dagnall, N. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2072894 · Cited by 3
“Forward span involves the storage of information whereas the backward span requires both storage and additional transformation/manipulation functions; therefore, justifying its classification as a complex span or working memory measure (e.g., Alloway et al., 2006; Rosen & Engle, 1997).”
Ferguson, C. E., Hobson, C. W., Hedge, C., Waters, C. S., Anning, K. L., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2190965 · Cited by 4
“AWMA Mister X is a test of visuospatial working memory (Alloway et al., 2006).”
MethodInfluentialShvartsman, M., & Shaul, S. (2024) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-023-09788-z · Cited by 13
“Our results align with Baddeley’s (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 2000) multicomponent WM model and support prior research that indicates a distinction between verbal and visuospatial short-term storage in children as young as five years old (Alloway et al., 2006).”
Nakamichi, K. (2011) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2011.52 · Cited by 3
Funcionamiento ejecutivo temprano en niños con dificultades matemáticas persistentes
Herrero, M. J. P., Ruiz, J. M., Hierro, R. S., Presentación, A. B.-G., & Miranda, A. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2016.n1.v1.188 · Cited by 3
“La fiabilidad test-restest se ha fijado en .81 para ambas tareas (Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundVernucci, S., Galli, J. I., Andrés, M. L., Zamora, E. V., Richard’s, M. M., Juric, L. C., & Burín, D. I. (2020) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2019.1710730 · Cited by 5
Evaluating the Modified-Shortened Token Test as a Working Memory and Language Assessment Tool
Pham, T., Bardell, T. E., Vollebregt, M., Kuiack, A. K., & Archibald, L. M. D. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00369 · Cited by 3
Profiles of competence development in upper secondary education and their predictors
Freund, M.-J., Wolter, I., Lockl, K., & Gnambs, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245884 · Cited by 4
Working memory : a comparison between dyslexic and non-dyslexic children.
Scheepers, M. (2010) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 3
Jiang, S. (2016) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/6257 · Cited by 3
Intellectual ability in children with anxiety: a replication and exploration of the differences
Munson, M. S. (2008) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.1764 · Cited by 3
Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Hill, N. R., Hanks, B. B., Wagner, H. H., & Portrie-Bethke, T. L. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394258925.ch7 · Cited by 3
Cécillon, F.-X., Mermillod, M., Leys, C., Bastin, H., Lachaux, J.-P., & Shankland, R. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1818.v1 · Cited by 3
Research Methods in Educational Psychology
Tolmie, A. K. (2013) · Educational Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/9781394259588.ch5 · Cited by 3
Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Qi, Y., Yu, A., Li, L., Chen, Y., & Yu, X. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07325-w · Cited by 2
“We employed a backward digit span task to test verbal working memory capacity (Alloway et al., 2006 ; Chen & Stevenson, 1988 ).”
InfluentialNisha, K. V., Devi, N., Vandana, B., Rashmi, E., Shende, S. A., & Mudar, R. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1499737 · Cited by 2
“Extending the application of tele-assessment in cognition to healthy older adults, Cyr et al. (17) compared cognitive assessments carried out at home vs. in the laboratory and reported no signi fi cant effect on test conditions (18).”
Öksüz, H. İ., Yaşartürk, İ., Yıldız, M., ARICI, E. Y., Sotiropoulos, D. J., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2025) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2025.2566025 · Cited by 2
“In addition to directing limited attentional resources (Alloway et al., 2006), the central executive is also responsible for information processing (Baddeley, 2000; Fougnie, 2008).”
Cai, Y., Holmes, J., & Gathercole, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251376776 · Cited by 4
“…disrupt the proper functioning of short-term memory is consistent with other evidence indicating that performance on the Dot Matrix task relies heavily on domain-general attentional resources (Alloway et al., 2006; Gathercole et al., 2008, 2019; Logie & Pearson, 1997; Morey & Bieler, 2013).”
Self-citationScarfo, J., Suleyman, E., & Ball, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15504 · Cited by 3
How is Cerebral Perfusion Associated with Functional Outcome in Pediatric Cancer Survivors?
Schuerch, K., Grieder, M., Benzing, V., Siegwart, V., Federspiel, A., Slavova, N., Kiefer, C., Roessler, J., & Everts, R. (2023) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2023.2215360 · Cited by 3
“This finding is not particularly surprising, as verbal and visuospatial working memory are primarily driven by a domain-general mechanism (Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundShen, I., Wang, W., Ni, H., & Chen, C.-L. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241277521 · Cited by 2
“The AWMA has shown sound psychometric properties in large-scale samples (Alloway et al., 2006), and convergent validity with concurrent clinical measures of working memory deficits (Alloway et al., 2008).”
Brekelmans, G., Evans, B. G., & Wonnacott, E. (2024) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12677 · Cited by 2
“The authors discussed this in terms of a trade-off between potential benefits of variability for generalization and processing difficulties, which might be greater in younger learners due to cognitive differences, such as lower working memory capacity (e.g., Alloway et al., 2006).”
Muylle, M., Bernolet, S., & Hartsuiker, R. (2024) · Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science · doi:10.1007/s41809-024-00156-4 · Cited by 2
“The results of the forward test provide an approximation of how many items can be retained in STM in the correct order, whereas the backward digit span test gives an indication of WM capacity, since it requires transformation of the retained information (Alloway et al., 2006).”
Hischa, V., Moeller, K., Seitz-Stein, K., & Niklas, F. (2025) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-025-02144-x · Cited by 5
“There is empirical evidence that these three components can be distinguished by the age of 4 years (see Alloway et al., 2006).”
Ruiz, J. M., Lleixà, A. P., Carrión, R. M. R., Roselló, L. A., & Hierro, R. S. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2019.n2.v2.1735 · Cited by 3
“La fiabilidad test-retest es de .64 (Alloway et al., 2006) y .62 (Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, y Wearing, 2004) respectivamente.”
Gire, C., Anzola, A. B., Kaminski, M., Baumstarck, K., Ancel, P., Berbis, J., for EPIREMED-Study Group, Zahed, M., Garcia, P., Desiles, T., et al. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02867-x · Cited by 3
“In VP children, WM impairment is linked to learning disabilities and is reported to have a strong influence on language and visuospatial processing [23].”
BackgroundSetti, W., Cuturi, L. F., Sandini, G., & Gori, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260700 · Cited by 2
“The subsystems’ capacity increases until age 12 [5].”
BackgroundYoung, S. E.-L., Ballard, K. J., Heard, R. C., & Purcell, A. A. (2011) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.550601 · Cited by 2
Altı Yaşında Bellek Eğitimi Verilen Çocukların İki Yıl Sonraki Bellek Gelişimlerinin İzlenmesi
Özyürek, A. (2013) · Journal of humanities and tourism research (Online) · doi:10.14230/joiss26 · Cited by 2
What is working memory? Definitions, operationalization and domain.
Tajik‐Parvinchi, D. (2016) · Journal of Psychology and Cognition · doi:10.35841/psychology-cognition.1.1.6-8 · Cited by 2
“The WM model proposed by Baddely [4] has received relatively consistent empirical support [5].”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Alloway, Tracy Packiam
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-11-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1698-1716
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2130954429
- Cited by
- 938
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 29.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- working memory, short-term memory, verbal memory, visuospatial memory, children, memory structure, domain-general processing, cognitive development, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Space Perception, Verbal Behavior, Visual Perception
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