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Verbal and Visuospatial Short-Term and Working Memory in Children: Are They Separable?
Open accessAbstract
This study explored the structure of verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in children between ages 4 and 11 years. Multiple tasks measuring 4 different memory components were used to capture the cognitive processes underlying working memory. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the processing component of working memory tasks was supported by a common resource pool, while storage aspects depend on domain-specific verbal and visuospatial resources. This model is largely stable across this developmental period, although some evidence exists that the links between the domain-specific visuospatial construct and the domain-general processing construct were higher in the 4- to- 6-year age group. The data also suggest that all working memory components are in place by 4 years of age.
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“These approaches are based on compelling evidence that the working memory system is characterized by a single central executive controller that operates on the functionally and anatomically separate phonological and visuospatial short-term memory subsystems (Baddeley, 2007; Alloway et al., 2006; Smith et al., 1996).”
From Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach (2020) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Support for this model includes replicated evidence that the phonological and visuospatial storage systems are functionally and anatomically distinct, as well as replicated evidence supporting a single, domain-general central executive rather than separate central executive components for processing phonological and visuospatial information (Baddeley, 2007; Alloway et al., 2006; Smith et al., 1996”
From Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach (2020) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Developmentally, there is evidence that the different components of working memory follow different trajectories of maturation, and that this divergence of developmental pathways begins relatively early (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Working memory can be divided based on whether it refers to verbal or visual-spatial information, and these systems can be further subdivided into short-term storage/maintenance and updating/processing components (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006).”
From Inhibitory control and working memory in post-institutionalized children (2013) · cites this paper as Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006
In the citing paper
“There is substantial evidence that it is not. Across many studies employing a wide range of paradigms, it has been shown that visuo-spatial tasks show a far greater reliance on general attentional resources than their verbal equivalents (Alloway et al., 2006; Kane et al., 2004; Morey & Miron, 2016; Pearson et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2006).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“However, verbal and visuo-spatial memory span are largely independent in both children and adults (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006; Baddeley, Papagno, & Vallar, 1988; Della Sala, Gray, Baddeley, Allamano, & Wilson, 1999).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006
In the citing paper
“Across many studies employing a wide range of paradigms, it has been shown that visuo-spatial tasks show a far greater reliance on general attentional resources than their verbal equivalents (Alloway et al., 2006; Kane et al., 2004; Morey & Miron, 2016; Pearson et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2006).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“the conclusion of the task analysis was that there is not a highly developed STM system for storing visuo-spatial material (Alloway et al., 2006; Kane et al., 2004; Pearson et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2006).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Alloway et al., 2006
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Self-citationPierpont, E. I., Richmond, E. K., Abbeduto, L., Kover, S. T., & Brown, W. T. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-011-9095-2 · Cited by 55
“This process of verbatim recall of verbal information has also been referred to as “verbal short-term memory” by some researchers (e.g., Brock and Jarrold 2004; Alloway et al. 2006).”
Backgroundvan der Ven, S. H. G., Boom, J., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.02.001 · Cited by 55
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Das Arbeitsgedächtnis von 4- bis 5-jährigen Kindern
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Holmes, J., Butterfield, S., Cormack, F. K., van Loenhoud, A. C., Ruggero, L., Kashikar, L., & Gathercole, S. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00519 · Cited by 55
“X (a visuospatial task involving spatial comparisons of two images and the retention of sequences of spatial information, Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe structure of visuospatial memory in adulthood
Mammarella, I. C., Borella, E., Pastore, M., & Pazzaglia, F. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.014 · Cited by 53
“To our knowledge, apart from Mammarella, Pazzaglia, and Cornoldi (2008) most studies focusing on children (e.g. Alloway et al., 2006), adults (Kane et al., 2004; Miyake et al., 2001), and the full adult lifespan (Hale et al., 2011; Park et al., 2002) have drawn no distinction between the different…”
A Latent Factor Analysis of Working Memory Measures Using Large-Scale Data
Waris, O., Soveri, A., Ahti, M., Hoffing, R. C., Ventus, D., Jaeggi, S. M., Seitz, A. R., & Laine, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01062 · Cited by 51
“Previous behavioral studies have produced mixed results: some studies support a more content-general view (Kane et al., 2004; Alloway et al., 2006), while others support contentspecificity not only in maintenance but also in executive WM (e.g., Shah and Miyake, 1996; McKintosh and Bennett, 2003;…”
ResultThe expression of established cognitive brain states stabilizes with working memory development
Montez, D. F., Calabro, F. J., & Luna, B. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.25606 · Cited by 52
“However, protracted improvements in performance, typically measured as the percentage of correctly performed trials or as changes in mean behavioral response metrics, such as reaction time and accuracy, demonstrate that WM continues to develop across adolescence and into early adulthood (Gathercole et al., 2004; Luna…”
BackgroundRole of working memory in children's understanding spoken narrative: A preliminary investigation
Montgomery, J. W., POLUNENKO, A., & Marinellie, S. A. (2009) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716409090249 · Cited by 51
Assessment of Working Memory in Children
Pickering, S. J. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012554465-8/50011-9 · Cited by 55
Self-citationThe production effect in memory: a prominent mnemonic in children
Icht, M., & Mama, Y. (2014) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000914000713 · Cited by 58
Jansen, B. R. J., Lange, E. D., & van der Molen, M. J. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.022 · Cited by 59
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“The task did not suffer from floor effects; and performance was in line with results obtained in studies involving both English children (Alloway et al., 2006) and Italian children (Florit et al., 2009) of the same age as our participants.”
Do actions speak louder than words? Examining children’s ability to follow instructions
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Scaling sporting equipment for children promotes implicit processes during performance
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“…note that digit span is a commonly used and widely accepted index of verbal STM, and that studies have shown that digit span shares considerable variance with other “verbal” measures such as word span and nonsense-word repetition ability (e.g., Alloway et al., 2006; Gupta, 2003; Kane et al., 2005).”
The Emergence of Episodic Foresight and Its Consequences
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“For children aged 4.5 years, test–retest reliability of this assessment is 0.84 (Alloway et al., 2006).”
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“The theoretical rationale of this procedure is based on findings that provide evidence of independent VS and PH subsystems and a single, domain-general CE (Alloway et al., 2006; Baddeley, 2007; Fassbender & Schweitzer, 2006; Smith et al., 1996).”
Methodvan de Weijer‐Bergsma, E., Kroesbergen, E. H., Prast, E. J., & Luit, J. E. H. V. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0469-8 · Cited by 47
“Poor WM leads to failures in remembering and keeping up with lesson instructions, choosing the right strategy for a math problem and keeping track of the sequence of steps in a complex strategy (Alloway, 2006).”
InfluentialSarver, D. E., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., Scanlan, S. W., Raiker, J. S., Altro, T. A., & Bolden, J. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.09.010 · Cited by 48
“…memory and working memory are distinct cognitive systems (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006; Baddeley, 2007) that are highly interrelated (Alloway et al., 2006; Engle et al., 1999), and show a pattern of increasing convergence across childhood (Tillman, 2010). to which phonological…”
BackgroundHome sweet home: Does where you live matter to working memory and other cognitive skills?
Alloway, T. P., Alloway, R. G., & Wootan, S. S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.11.012 · Cited by 57
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“…or parrot a sentence, for example, working memory involves the effortful mental manipulation of previously encountered verbal or visual-spatial stimuli (Alloway et al., 2004, 2006) and, thus, serves as the foundation for creating meaningful connections between temporally distinct experiences.”
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“Several studies have shown that back-ward span tasks require executive processing in children, and can therefore be considered a measure of working memory during childhood (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006; Gathercole, Brown, & Pickering, 2003).”
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Pascoe, L., Spencer‐Smith, M. M., Giallo, R., Seal, M. L., Georgiou‐Karistianis, N., Nosarti, C., Josev, E. K., Roberts, G., Doyle, L. W., Thompson, D. K., et al. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.04.005 · Cited by 54
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Working memory development in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities
van der Molen, M. J., Henry, L. A., & Luit, J. E. H. V. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12061 · Cited by 46
Early Numeracy Intervention for Low-Performing Kindergartners
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“Alloway, Gathercole, and Pickering (2006) also explored the structure of verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in young children, and they created a two-factor model in which a distinction is made between a storage component (i.e., holding information available for a certain period…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVerbal memory resources predict iconic gesture use among monolinguals and bilinguals
Smithson, L., & Nicoladis, E. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000175 · Cited by 47
The Influence of Texting Language on Grammar and Executive Functions in Primary School Children
van Dijk, C. N., van Witteloostuijn, M., Vasić, N., Avrutin, S., & Blom, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152409 · Cited by 46
“Previous research has indicated that visuospatial short-term memory tasks draw on executive control, and do so more than verbal short-term memory tasks [42,63].”
The Role of Executive Function in Arithmetic Problem-Solving Processes: A Study of Third Graders
Viterbori, P., Traverso, L., & Usai, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2017.1392307 · Cited by 47
“The test–retest reliability for the Backward Digit Span was .64 in a sample of 709 children aged 59 to 140 months old (Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodAlloway, T. P., McCallum, F., Alloway, R. G., & Hoicka, E. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.03.013 · Cited by 54
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Self-citationSeparating math from anxiety: The role of inhibitory mechanisms
Mammarella, I. C., Caviola, S., Giofrè, D., & Borella, E. (2017) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2017.1341836 · Cited by 54
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Icon Familiarity Affects the Performance of Complex Cognitive Tasks
Shen, Z., Zhang, L., Xiao, X., Li, R., & Liang, R. (2020) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669520910167 · Cited by 45
“(b) Cognitive functions (e.g., holding representations available) and the processes of transforming or manipulating information share the same limited resources at the same time (Alloway et al., 2006; Logie, 2011).”
BackgroundSoltanlou, M., Pixner, S., & Nuerk, H.-C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01062 · Cited by 40
“In forward recall tasks the processing load is minimal as children immediately recall the sequences (Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPascoe, L., Roberts, G., Doyle, L. W., Lee, K. J., Thompson, D. K., Seal, M. L., Josev, E. K., Nosarti, C., Gathercole, S. E., & Anderson, P. J. (2013) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-13-144 · Cited by 49
“It provides the capacity for the temporar y storage and manipulation of information in the course of everyday activities, such a s following instructions and mental arithmetic [12-14].”
Self-citationNevo, E., & Breznitz, Z. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.004 · Cited by 44
Cogmed training: Let's be realistic about intervention research.
Gathercole, S. E., Dunning, D. L., & Holmes, J. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.07.007 · Cited by 43
Self-citationToll, S. W. M., & Luit, J. E. H. V. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.09.003 · Cited by 46
Zhang, H., Chang, L., Chen, X., Ma, L., & Zhou, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00154 · Cited by 53
“The results of several studies have indicated that WM impairment in individuals with LDs is caused by impairment of the central executive, particularly that of the updating aspect of executive functions (Carretti et al., 2005; Alloway et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2011, 2013).”
ResultA taxonomy of mental time travel and counterfactual thought: Insights from cognitive development
Gautam, S. R., Suddendorf, T., Henry, J. D., & Redshaw, J. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112108 · Cited by 44
Berry, E. D. J., Allen, R. J., Mon-Williams, M. A., & Waterman, A. (2019) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12770 · Cited by 44
Short-term memory, executive control, and children’s route learning
Purser, H. R. M., Farran, E. K., Courbois, Y., Lemahieu, A., Mellier, D., Sockeel, P., & Blades, M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.005 · Cited by 43
Inhibitory control and working memory in post-institutionalized children
Merz, E. C., McCall, R. B., Wright, A. J., & Luna, B. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9737-9 · Cited by 42
“Working memory can be divided based on whether it refers to verbal or visual-spatial information, and these systems can be further subdivided into short-term storage/maintenance and updating/processing components (Alloway et al. 2006).”
Houwen, S., Kamphorst, E., van der Veer, G., & Cantell, M. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.002 · Cited by 48
“Studies have shown good test-retest reliability (r=0.83 and r=0.90; Alloway et al., 2006; Alloway, Rajendran, & Archibald, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential5-10 Yaş Grubu Çocuklara Yönelik Geliştirilmiş Çalışma Belleği Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği
Ergül, C., YILMAZ, Ç. Õ., & Demir, E. (2018) · Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama · doi:10.17244/eku.427280 · Cited by 41
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Alloway, T. P., Elliott, J., & Place, M. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903559655 · Cited by 44
“Test reliability of the AWMA is reported in Alloway, Gathercole, and Pickering (2006 ) and test validity is reported in Alloway, Gathercole, Kirkwood, and Elliott (2008 ).”
MethodSelf-citationBriscoe, J., & Rankin, P. M. (2008) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820802028760 · Cited by 41
The possible benefits of reduced errors in the motor skills acquisition of children
Capio, C. M., Sit, C. H. P., Abernethy, B., & Masters, R. S. W. (2012) · Sports Medicine Arthroscopy Rehabilitation Therapy & Technology · doi:10.1186/1758-2555-4-1 · Cited by 41
“Younger children have been found to approach information processing differently, such that they tend to rely more on visual codes initially and learn to use verbal labels as they get older [19].”
Backgroundvan Maldegem, S. J. M. V. C. –., van Abswoude, F., Krajenbrink, H., & Steenbergen, B. (2018) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2018.11.001 · Cited by 41
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An investigation of cognitive skills and behavior in high ability students
Alloway, T. P., & Elsworth, M. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.02.001 · Cited by 46
Self-citationWang, S., Allen, R. J., Lee, J. R., & Hsieh, C.-E. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.01.002 · Cited by 40
Central executive involvement in children's spatial memory
Ang, S. Y., & Lee, K. L. (2008) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210802365347 · Cited by 40
“In a recent study by Alloway et al. (2006), confirmatory factor analyses showed that a model with the block recall task (i.e., Corsi blocks task) loading only onto the visuo-spatial short-term memory factor provided the best fit of their data. This model was also in line with Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) working memory…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBilingual advantages of working memory revisited: A latent variable examination
Soliman, A. M. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.02.005 · Cited by 44
MnemoCity Task: Assessment of Childrens Spatial Memory Using Stereoscopy and Virtual Environments
Rodríguez-Andrés, D., Juan, M. ‐., Méndez-López, M., Pérez-Hernández, E., & Lluch, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161858 · Cited by 40
Why is working memory related to intelligence? Different contributions from storage and processing
Dang, C.-P., Braeken, J., Colom, R., Ferrer, E. E., & Liu, C. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.797471 · Cited by 41
“The present study adds to the literature supporting the relevance of two domain-specific components (Alloway et al., 2006).”
ResultMagimairaj, B. M., & Montgomery, J. W. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.05.004 · Cited by 39
Cassidy, A. R. (2016) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.994484 · Cited by 37
Rhodes, S., Riby, D. M., Fraser, E., & Campbell, L. E. (2011) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.009 · Cited by 38
Cornoldi, C., Orsini, A., Cianci, L., Giofrè, D., & Pezzuti, L. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.04.005 · Cited by 42
“…BDS and GAI in the youngest group could be due to the fact that, due both to their WM limitations and scarce familiarity with the manipulation of numbers, the relatively simple operation of reverting the order of numbers requires a high cognitive control in young children (Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialOakhill, J. V., Yuill, N., & Garnham, A. (2011) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 38
Metsala, J. L., Stavrinos, D., & Walley, A. C. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s014271640809005x · Cited by 38
Early cognitive profiles predicting reading and arithmetic skills in grades 1 and 7
Korpipää, H., Moll, K., Aunola, K., Tolvanen, A. J., Koponen, T. K., Aro, M. T., & Lerkkanen, M. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101830 · Cited by 39
Involvement of Working Memory in Longitudinal Development of Number–Magnitude Skills
Kolkman, M. E., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2014) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1834 · Cited by 40
Purpura, D. J., Day, E., Napoli, A. R., & Hart, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Numerical Cognition · doi:10.5964/jnc.v3i2.53 · Cited by 43
Multiscale Entropy as a New Feature for EEG and fNIRS Analysis
Angsuwatanakul, T., O’Reilly, J. A., Ounjai, K., Kaewkamnerdpong, B., & Iramina, K. (2020) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e22020189 · Cited by 40
“In line with the study of Alloway, Gathercole and Pickering [47] in which they reported that gender differences do not affect memory performance, this was not considered an exclusionary criterion.”
ResultAge Differences and Measurement Invariance of Working Memory in 5- to 12-Year-Old Children
Michalczyk, K., Malstädt, N., Worgt, M., Könen, T., & Hasselhorn, M. (2012) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000149 · Cited by 40
“, 2004) or even in younger children aged 4–11 years (Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultThe Crucial Role of Working Memory in Intellectual Functioning
Cornoldi, C., & Giofrè, D. (2014) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000183 · Cited by 43
Salari, R., Bohlin, G., Rydell, A., & Thorell, L. B. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0664-1 · Cited by 39
Working Memory Weaknesses in Students With ADHD: Implications for Instruction
Martinussen, R., & Major, A. (2011) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2011.534943 · Cited by 45
“Research with children supports the distinction between short-term memory tasks that involve storage of information and working memory tasks that involve attentional control (Alloway et al., 2006).”
BackgroundComputer Versus Paper-Based Testing: Are They Equivalent When it Comes to Working Memory?
Carpenter, R. K., & Alloway, T. P. (2018) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282918761496 · Cited by 36
Self-citationMcSweeny, C. E. E., Cushing, S. L., Campos, J. L., Papsin, B. C., & Gordon, K. A. (2021) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/23312165211051215 · Cited by 39
The Development of Rehearsal in Verbal Short-Term Memory
Jarrold, C., & Hall, D. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12034 · Cited by 41
Longitudinal development of visual working memory precision in childhood and early adolescence
Heyes, S., Zokaei, N., & Husain, M. (2016) · Cognitive development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.03.004 · Cited by 30
Soltanlou, M., Artemenko, C., Dresler, T., Haeussinger, F. B., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A., & Nuerk, H. (2017) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-017-0508-x · Cited by 36
Καλτσά, Μ., Prentza, A. I., & Tsimpli, I. M. (2019) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006918819867 · Cited by 35
“For working memory and relevant measurements in detail see Baddeley (2000, 2012), Alloway, Gathercole, and Pickering (2006), Gathercole and Baddeley (2014), among others.”
BackgroundVisual Working Memory Capacity Can Be Increased by Training on Distractor Filtering Efficiency
Li, C.-H., He, X., Yu-juan, W., Hu, Z., & Guo, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00196 · Cited by 38
Berry, E. D. J., Waterman, A., Baddeley, A., Hitch, G. J., & Allen, R. J. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000427 · Cited by 37
THE ROLE OF INPUT VARIABILITY AND LEARNER AGE IN SECOND LANGUAGE VOCABULARY LEARNING
Sinkeviciute, R., Brown, H., Brekelmans, G., & Wonnacott, E. (2019) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263119000263 · Cited by 35
Slattery, E. J., Ryan, P. H., Fortune, D. G., & McAvinue, L. P. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101028 · Cited by 43
Engineering play with blocks as an informal learning context for executive function and planning
Gold, Z. S., Elicker, J. G., Evich, C. D., Mishra, A. A., Howe, N., & Weil, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20421 · Cited by 38
“EF in preschool children is typically defined as comprised of three interrelated structural components: working memory (e.g., Alloway et al., 2006); inhibitory control (e.g., Best & Miller, 2010); and cognitive flexibility (e.g., Rothbart & Posner, 2005).”
BackgroundResting state signatures of domain and demand-specific working memory performance
van Dam, W. O., Decker, S. L., Durbin, J. S., Vendemia, J. M. C., & Desai, R. H. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.017 · Cited by 34
“A number of studies have indeed reported high correlations between the scores on tests that measure verbal and visuospatial memory (Alloway et al., 2006; Nadler & Archibald, 2014).”
Can short-term memory be trained?
Norris, D. G., Hall, J., & Gathercole, S. E. (2019) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00901-z · Cited by 31
Self-citationKızılaslan, A., & TUNAGÜR, M. (2021) · Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24106/kefdergi.741028 · Cited by 37
Aragón, E., Guzmán, J. I. N., Villagrán, M. A., & Cerda, G. (2014) · Revista de Psicodidáctica · doi:10.1387/revpsicodidact.11088 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Alloway, Tracy Packiam
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-11-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1698-1716
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2130954429
- Cited by
- 938
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 29.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- working memory, short-term memory, verbal memory, visuospatial memory, children, memory structure, domain-general processing, cognitive development, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Space Perception, Verbal Behavior, Visual Perception
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