Why Do Men Hunt?: A Reevaluation of “Man the Hunter” and the Sexual Division of Labor
Abstract
The role of men in hunter-gatherer societies has been subject to vigorous debate over the past 15 years. The proposal that men hunt wild game as a form of status signaling or "showing off" to provide reproductive benefits to the hunter challenges the traditional view that men hunt to provision their families. Two broad assumptions underlie the signaling view: (1) hunting is a poor means of obtaining food, and (2) hunted game is a public good shared widely with others and without expectation of future reciprocation. If hunters lack the ability to direct food shares and obtain subsequent benefits contingent on redistribution, then the ubiquitous observations of male hunting and universal pair-bonding cannot be explained from a perspective that emphasizes kin provisioning and a division of labor. Here we show that there is little empirical support for the view that men hunt for signaling benefits alone. The ethnographic record depicts a more complex relationship between food sharing patterns, subsistence strategies, mating, and the sexual division of labor. We present a framework incorporating trade-offs between mating and subsistence strategies in an economic bargaining context that contributes to understanding men's and women's roles in hunter-gatherer societies.
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The link between food sharing and oxytocin found in chimpanzees may also be relevant for humans.
“This link between food sharing and oxytocin found in chimpanzees may also be relevant for humans [70], where pro-social behaviour has often been linked to food sharing and provisioning [46,81,82].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [82]
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Craniofacial feminization, social tolerance, and the origins of behavioral modernity
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Kramer, K. L., Schacht, R., & Bell, A. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0316 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gurven, M., & Hill, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Venue
- Current Anthropology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-74
- ISSN
- 0011-3204 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5382
- OpenAlex
- W2070693544
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a02cb70278708f635589389d984b00c35239374
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 24.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19046006)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Keywords
- hunter-gatherers, status signaling, food sharing, pair bonding, gender division of labor, mating strategies, subsistence strategies, gender roles, reciprocity
- MeSH terms
- Anthropology, Cultural, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Supply, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Nutritional Status, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Community Networks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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