The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
Abstract
The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) is a self‐rating scale which is used to quantify progressive steps in sleepiness. The present study investigated whether the SSS cross‐validates with performance on mental tasks and whether the SSS demonstrates changes in sleepiness with sleep loss. Five college student S s were given a brief test of memory and the Wilkinson Addition Test in 2 test sessions and The Wilkinson Vigilance Test in 2 other sessions spaced throughout a 16‐hr day for 6 days. S s made SSS ratings every 15 min during their waking activities. On night 4, S s underwent all night sleep deprivation. On all other nights, S s were allowed only 8 hrs in bed. Mean SSS ratings correlated r = .68 with performance on the Wilkinson Tests. Discrete SSS ratings correlated r = .47 with performance on the memory test. Moreover, mean baseline SSS ratings were found to be significantly lower than corresponding ratings of the deprivation period.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“increasing perceived severity of sleep deprivation across individuals, indexed by self-reported subjective sleepiness14, was positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of wanted high-calorie foods (Fig 3B)”
From The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
Hobson, J. A. (1969) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(69)90021-2 · Cited by 5,215
The history and use of the Stanford sleepiness scale
Hoddes, E. (1971) · Psychophysiology · Cited by 282
Self-citationSome Effects of Sleep Loss on Memory
Williams, H. L., Gieseking, C. F., & Lubin, A. (1966) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.3f.1287 · Cited by 106
Progress in Clinical Psychology
Kotkov, B. (1968) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(68)71867-3 · Cited by 99
Rubenking, B. E., & Appelbaum, M. (2017) · The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods · doi:10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0141 · Cited by 37
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Thorndike E. L., 1921, The teachers word book, 127
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–135 of 135
Alger, S. E., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.030 · Cited by 50
Interictal daily functioning in migraine
Stronks, D., Tulen, J., Bussmann, J., Mulder, L., & Passchier, J. (2004) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00661.x · Cited by 51
Reconsidering the role of sleep for motor memory.
Cai, D. J., & Rickard, T. C. (2009) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0017672 · Cited by 46
Morning and evening light treatment of seasonal affective disorder: response, relapse and prediction
Meesters, Y., Jansen, J. H. C., Lambers, P. A., Bouhuys, A. L., Beersma, D. G. M., & van den Hoofdakker, R. H. (1993) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(93)90102-p · Cited by 45
Association between lunar phase and sleep characteristics
Turányi, C. Z., Rónai, K. Z., Zoller, R., Véber, O., Czira, M. E., Újszászi, Á., László, G., Szentkirályi, A., Dunai, A., Lindner, A., et al. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.06.020 · Cited by 45
The effect of sleep on novel word learning in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Schimke, E. A. E., Angwin, A. J., Cheng, B. B. Y., & Copland, D. A. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01980-3 · Cited by 41
Influence of back angle on the quality of sleep in seats
NICHOLSON, A. N., & STONE, B. M. (1987) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138708965993 · Cited by 44
Aritake-Okada, S., Tanabe, K., Mochizuki, Y., Ochiai, R., Hibi, M., Kozuma, K., Katsuragi, Y., Ganeko, M., Takeda, N., & Uchida, S. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00765.2018 · Cited by 40
Problem Solvers Adjust Cognitive Offloading Based on Performance Goals
Weis, P. P., & Wiese, E. (2019) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12802 · Cited by 38
Pupillometric discrimination of insomniacs
Lichstein, K. L., & Johnson, R. S. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90093-0 · Cited by 36
Acute effects of low doses of melatonin on the sleep of young healthy subjects
Pires, M. L. N., Benedito‐Silva, A. A., Pinto, L., Souza, L., Vismari, L., & Calil, H. M. (2001) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-079x.2001.310407.x · Cited by 35
Self-reported long sleep in older adults is closely related to objective time in bed
KLINE, C. E., ZIELINSKI, M. R., DEVLIN, T. M., KRIPKE, D. F., BOGAN, R. K., & YOUNGSTEDT, S. D. (2010) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2009.00422.x · Cited by 35
The impact of sleep on novel concept learning
Graveline, Y. M., & Wamsley, E. J. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.008 · Cited by 31
Li, W., Kearney, P., Zhang, J., Hsu, Y., & Braithwaite, G. (2021) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13594 · Cited by 34
Nighttime and daytime efficacy of flurazepam and oxazepam in chronic insomnia
(1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.2.191 · Cited by 33
Self-citationMultiple dimensions of excessive daytime sleepiness
Smith, S., Rossdale, J., Serry, Y., Sekaran, A., Drakatos, P., & Steier, J. (2018) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.11.32 · Cited by 29
Hawley, C. J., Gale, T. M., Sivakumaran, T., Paul, S., Kondan, V. R. G., Farag, A., & Shahzad, J. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.037 · Cited by 29
Test Expectation Enhances Memory Consolidation across Both Sleep and Wake.
Wamsley, E. J., Hamilton, K., Graveline, Y., Manceor, S., & Parr, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165141 · Cited by 29
Could a virtual human be used to explore excessive daytime sleepiness in patients?
Philip, P., Bioulac, S., Sauteraud, A., Chaufton, C., & Olive, J. (2014) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00197 · Cited by 25
Offline consolidation of procedural skill learning is enhanced by negative emotional content
Javadi, A. H., Walsh, V., & Lewis, P. A. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2497-7 · Cited by 26
Variable training but not sleep improves consolidation of motor adaptation
Thürer, B., Weber, F. D., Born, J., & Stein, T. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34225-w · Cited by 20
Sleep preserves original and distorted memory traces
Cairney, S. A., Lindsay, S., Paller, K. A., & Gaskell, M. G. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.005 · Cited by 20
Future-relevant memories are not selectively strengthened during sleep
Ashton, J. E., & Cairney, S. A. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258110 · Cited by 20
Constructive episodic simulation in dreams
Wamsley, E. J. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264574 · Cited by 22
“Upon arrival at the laboratory, participants provided written informed consent prior to completing a series of questionnaires inquiring about demographic information and sleep history, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (a measure of trait sleepiness [46]), and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (a measure of state sleepiness [4…”
Methodde Zambotti, M., Pizza, F., Covassin, N., Vandi, S., Cellini, N., Stegagno, L., & Plazzi, G. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12133 · Cited by 20
Dumitrescu, A. M., Hanlon, E. C., Arosemena, M., Duchon, O., Ettleson, M., Giurcanu, M., & Bianco, A. C. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2021.0304 · Cited by 20
Vallières, A., Pappathomas, A., Garnier, S. D. B., Mérette, C., Carrier, J., Paquette, T., & Bastien, C. H. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14162 · Cited by 19
Wee, N., Asplund, C. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.2710 · Cited by 17
Overnight sleep benefits both neutral and negative direct associative and relational memory
Huguet, M., Payne, J. D., Kim, S. Y., & Alger, S. E. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00746-8 · Cited by 17
Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories
Ashton, J. E., Staresina, B. P., & Cairney, S. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269439 · Cited by 18
Photopsias are related in part to perceived stress and positive mood in retinitis pigmentosa
Bittner, A. K., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Diener-West, M., & Dagnelie, G. (2012) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2011.247 · Cited by 13
Occipital sleep spindles predict sequence learning in a visuo-motor task
Lutz, N. D., Admard, M., Genzoni, E., Born, J., & Rauss, K. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab056 · Cited by 12
Carlsson, I., Davidson, P., & Ors, M. (2019) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2019.1606619 · Cited by 7
Excessive daytime sleepiness in psychiatry: A relevant focus for clinical attention and treatment?
Hawley, C. J. (2006) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651500600578904 · Cited by 5
No evidence for a preferential role of sleep in episodic memory abstraction
Talamini, L. M., van Moorselaar, D., Bakker, R., Bulath, M., Szegedi, S., Sinichi, M., & De Boer, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.871188 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R., & Dement, W. C.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoddes, E.
- ORCID
- Phillips, R.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1973-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 431-436
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2002716918
- Cited by
- 2,538
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- Stanford Sleepiness Scale, sleepiness, sleep deprivation, sustained attention, vigilance decrement, memory performance, cross-validation, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Male, Memory, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
