The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological evidence supports a link between sleep loss and obesity. However, the detrimental impact of sleep deprivation on central brain mechanisms governing appetitive food desire remains unknown. Here we report that sleep deprivation significantly decreases activity in appetitive evaluation regions within the human frontal cortex and insular cortex during food desirability choices, combined with a converse amplification of activity within the amygdala. Moreover, this bi-directional change in the profile of brain activity is further associated with a significant increase in the desire for weight-gain promoting high-calorie foods following sleep deprivation, the extent of which is predicted by the subjective severity of sleep loss across participants. These findings provide an explanatory brain mechanism by which insufficient sleep may lead to the development/maintenance of obesity through diminished activity in higher-order cortical evaluation regions, combined with excess subcortical limbic responsivity, resulting in the selection of foods most capable of triggering weight-gain. Insufficient sleep is a known risk factor for obesity. Greeret al.show that sleep deprivation amplifies mesolimbic brain responses to food stimuli, yet impairs activity in higher cortical areas, which, together, are associated with an increased desire for high-calorie food items.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Sleep deprivation altered brain responses during food-desirability choices, reducing activity in cortical appetitive evaluation regions while increasing amygdala reactivity. These neural changes accompanied increased desire for high-calorie foods, predicted by subjective sleepiness.
Key findings
Sleep deprivation reduced activity in all three cortical ROIs as food desire increased: anterior cingulate cortex (T=3.87; p=0.0008), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (T=2.08; p=0.0491), and anterior insula cortex (T=2.63; p=0.0154); after correction across five ROIs, lateral OFC and anterior insula no longer survived, while anterior cingulate remained significant. Amygdala responsivity to food desirability increased after sleep deprivation (T=3.08; p=0.0055), whereas ventral striatum did not differ (T=−0.28; p=0.7852). Sleep deprivation increased the proportion of “wanted” high-calorie foods (T=2.21, p=0.04) but not low-calorie foods (T=1.15, p=0.26), and total wanted-item calories were greater (T=2.07, p=0.05), representing an additional 600 ±289 s.d. Cal average increase. Calorie content predicted increased desirability after sleep deprivation (Spearman’s r=0.23, p=0.04), and subjective sleepiness correlated with percentage of wanted high-calorie foods, remaining significant when controlling for BMI (T=3.41, p=0.003); no such association appeared when rested (r=0.19; p=0.39). Self-reported hunger did not differ between conditions (p=0.28).
Methods
Twenty-three healthy participants (13 female; age 20.5±1.8 s.d. years; BMI 23.0±1.8 s.d.) completed a repeated-measures, counterbalanced crossover study with a night of normal rested sleep (average 8.2 hr asleep) and a night of monitored total sleep deprivation (average 24.6 hr awake), separated by at least 7 days. During fMRI, participants rated 80 food items on a 1–4 “want right now” scale; BOLD signal was correlated with trial-to-trial ratings, and ROIs were 5 mm spheres centered on literature-based coordinates for anterior cingulate, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, amygdala, and ventral striatum. Behavioral comparisons used paired t-tests and correlation analyses; fMRI used a general linear model with parametric want ratings.
Limitations
Stated: the controlled feeding schedule prevented assessment of actual calories consumed due to sleep deprivation or the relationship between neural responses and actual calorie intake; future ad libitum studies were suggested. Stated: all scans occurred in the morning, so circadian-phase interactions were not examined, and prior behavioral work suggests larger effects in the evening. Stated: findings were measured in healthy young lean participants (20.5±1.8 s.d. years; 23.0±1.8 s.d. BMI), so broader age and body-mass ranges remain untested. Evident from the text: ROI correction across five regions weakened lateral OFC and anterior insula findings, and the study measured food desire rather than actual intake.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 26 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The total calorie content of all wanted items summed together in the sleep-deprived condition was significantly greater compared to the sleep rested state, representing an additional 600 ±289 s.d. Cal average increase.
“the total calorie content of all wanted items (summed together) in the sleep-deprived condition was significantly greater compared to sleep rested state (T=2.07, p=0.05), representing an additional 600 ±289 s.d. Cal average increase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Sleep deprivation did not significantly change ventral striatum responsivity to food desirability compared to the sleep rested state.
“this profile of amplified subcortical activity was not observed in ventral striatum (T=−0.28; p=0.7852), showing no significant difference in responsivity between the sleep deprivation and rested conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Compared to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation significantly reduced lateral orbital frontal cortex activity as food desire progressively increased.
“Compared to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation significantly reduced activity in all three cortical regions of interest —the anterior cingulate cortex (T=3.87; p=0.0008), lateral orbital frontal cortex (T=2.08; p=0.0491) and anterior insula cortex (T=2.63; p=0.0154) —as food desire progressively increased (Fig 1A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Increasing perceived severity of sleep deprivation across individuals, indexed by self-reported subjective sleepiness, was positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of wanted high-calorie foods.
“increasing perceived severity of sleep deprivation across individuals, indexed by self-reported subjective sleepiness14, was positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of wanted high-calorie foods (Fig 3B)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R. & Dement, W. C. Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach. Psychophysiology 10, 431–436 (1973). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Body mass index was not correlated with the percentage of high calorie choices in either the sleep rested or sleep deprived condition.
“body mass index was not correlated with the percentage of high calorie choices in either the sleep rested or sleep deprived condition (r=−0.23, p=0.30, and r=−0.05, p=0.80, respectively)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The correlation between subjective sleepiness and percentage of wanted high-calorie foods remained significant when controlling for body mass index using linear regression.
“this correlation remained significant when controlling for body mass index using linear regression (T=3.41, p=0.003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All regions of interest demonstrating significance in average activity also express clusters of significant activity within these regions that survive familywise error rate correction for multiple comparisons.
“Additionally, all ROIs demonstrating significance when comparing the average activity described above also express clusters of significant activity within these ROIs that survive familywise error (FWE) rate correction for multiple comparisons (p<0.05; Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The five regions of interest are independent for the purpose of multiple comparison correction.
- Findingown data
No association between subjective sleepiness and percentage of wanted high-calorie foods was observed in the sleep rested state.
“no such association between subjective sleepiness and percentage of wanted high-calorie foods was observed in the sleep rested state (r=0.19; p=0.39).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The level of caloric content across food items significantly predicted the extent to which desirability ratings increased after sleep deprivation, such that the highest calorie foods accrued the largest increase in desirability ratings.
“the level of caloric content across food items significantly predicted the extent to which desirability ratings increased after sleep deprivation; such that the highest calorie foods accrued the largest increase in desirability ratings following sleep deprivation (Spearman’s r=0.23, p=0.04).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Relative to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of wanted food items carrying high-caloric content.
“Relative to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of “wanted” food items carrying high-caloric content (T=2.21, p=0.04).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Compared to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation significantly reduced anterior cingulate cortex activity as food desire progressively increased.
“Compared to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation significantly reduced activity in all three cortical regions of interest —the anterior cingulate cortex (T=3.87; p=0.0008), lateral orbital frontal cortex (T=2.08; p=0.0491) and anterior insula cortex (T=2.63; p=0.0154) —as food desire progressively increased (Fig 1A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no corresponding differences between the sleep rested and deprived states for low calorie items.
“In contrast, no corresponding differences between the sleep rested and deprived states were observed for low calorie items (T=1.15, p=0.26; Fig 3A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Self-reported hunger levels were no different between the sleep rested and sleep deprived conditions.
“self reported hunger levels were no different between the sleep rested and sleep deprived conditions (p=0.28; see Fig 2)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“participants’ self-reported hunger levels were not different in the sleep rested and sleep deprivation session”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
The amygdala survives correction for five comparisons if these regions are taken as a family of independent tests.
“Here again the amygdala survives correction for five comparisons if these regions are taken as a family of independent tests.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The five regions of interest are independent for the purpose of multiple comparison correction.
- Findingown data
Sleep deprivation significantly increased amygdala responsivity to the desirability of food items compared to the sleep rested state.
“the amygdala responsivity to the desirability of food items was significantly increased (T=3.08; p=0.0055) following sleep deprivation, compared to the sleep rested state (Fig 1B).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“combined with a converse amplification of activity within the amygdala.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
Compared to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation significantly reduced anterior insula cortex activity as food desire progressively increased.
“Compared to the sleep rested state, sleep deprivation significantly reduced activity in all three cortical regions of interest —the anterior cingulate cortex (T=3.87; p=0.0008), lateral orbital frontal cortex (T=2.08; p=0.0491) and anterior insula cortex (T=2.63; p=0.0154) —as food desire progressively increased (Fig 1A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Both groups showed an increase in hunger levels compared to their study arrival baseline.
“Both groups showed an increase in hunger levels compared to their study arrival baseline (Fig 2); important considering previous studies have shown that brain reactivity to food stimuli can be enhanced by subjective hunger35.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
Participants consumed more calories during the sleep deprivation session, provided in a controlled manner to offset any increased energy expenditure.
“these changes occurred despite participants consuming more calories during the sleep deprivation session (provided in a controlled manner in order to offset any increased energy expenditure).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Sleep loss is a risk factor for obesity in both children and adults worldwide.
“Epidemiological evidence supports a link between sleep loss and obesity.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Mounting epidemiological data implicates sleep loss as a risk factor for obesity in both children and adults worldwide1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Cappuccio, F. P. et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 31, 619–626 (2008). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Premisecitation
Increases in the motivated drive to eat in the absence of food choices have been primarily associated with activity in the ventral striatum, independent of the effects of sleep loss.
“increases in the motivated drive to eat in the absence of food choices has been primarily associated with activity in the ventral striatum (independent of the effects of sleep loss)9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Lawrence, N. S., Hinton, E. C., Parkinson, J. A. & Lawrence, A. D. Nucleus accumbens response to food cues predicts subsequent snack consumption in women and increased body mass index in those with reduced self-control. Neuroimage 63, 415–422 (2012). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The current neural observations predict that if a range of freely attainable food choices and eating opportunities are offered, sleep deprivation would lead to a significant increase in food consumption choices considered non-optimal in the context of obesity, i.e. high calorie items.
“The current neural observations would therefore predict that if a range of freely attainable food choices and eating opportunities are offered (as is ecologically the case in the majority of real-world situations), then the effect of sleep deprivation would lead to a significant increase in food consumption choices considered non-optimal in the context of obesity (i.e. high calorie items).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The observed neural and behavioral changes following sleep loss may provide an explanatory brain mechanism by which insufficient sleep leads to the development or maintenance of obesity.
“The characterization of these neural and behavioral changes following sleep loss may provide several explanatory insights into a central nervous system (brain) mechanism by which insufficient sleep leads to the development/maintenance of obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Altered food choices following sleep loss can occur without any significant change in ratings of the hedonic qualities of food pleasantness or food desire when smelling foods directly.
“such altered food choices following sleep loss can also occur without any significant change in ratings of the hedonic qualities of food pleasantness or food desire when smelling foods directly3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Brondel, L., Romer, M. A., Nougues, P. M., Touyarou, P. & Davenne, D. Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1550–1559 (2010). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Prior reports have demonstrated that sleep restriction leads to increased caloric intake following sleep loss under non-laboratory or free-living conditions where food selection was not fixed.
“prior reports have demonstrated that sleep restriction leads to increased caloric intake following sleep loss under non-laboratory or “free-living” conditions (where food selection was not fixed)3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Brondel, L., Romer, M. A., Nougues, P. M., Touyarou, P. & Davenne, D. Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1550–1559 (2010). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
The controlled eating schedule of the study precluded the ability to measure actual changes in caloric intake under ad libitum food availability.
“the controlled eating schedule of the study precluded the ability to measure actual changes in caloric intake under ad libitum (rather than the current controlled) food availability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A recent study which assessed ad libitum caloric intake as well as energy expenditure in sleep-restricted humans reported increased calorie consumption beyond that which could be explained by expended energy or altered metabolic rate.
“a recent study which assessed ad libitum caloric intake as well as energy expenditure in sleep-restricted humans reported increased calorie consumption beyond that which could be explained by expended energy or altered metabolic rate22.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Markwald, R. R. et al. Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 5695–5700 (2013). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The novel brain mechanism explains the large-scale significant association between reduced sleep time and obesity reported in population level studies.
“thereby explaining the large-scale significant association between reduced sleep time and obesity reported in population level studies1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Cappuccio, F. P. et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 31, 619–626 (2008). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The effects of one night of total sleep deprivation on brain and behavioral food desire generalize to the chronic, partial sleep restriction that is associated with obesity in population studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The laboratory food desire ratings and brain responses predict real-world food choices and weight gain.
- Rests on an assumption: The 80 food images used in the task are representative of foods available in real-world settings.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The food desire task was incentive compatible: participants were informed that two food items would be revealed and they would receive a serving of whichever they rated as wanting more, to encourage actual preferences.
“In the task instructions, participants were informed that two food items would be revealed at the end of the scan, and a serving of whichever item they had rated as wanting more would be given to them to eat (which was carried out).”
- Also stated in: § Food Desire Task · plain
“This procedure was used to encourage participants to rate the food items according to their actual preferences (rather than according to experimental expectations or demand characteristics), and to ensure incentive compatibility in the task as in previous studies36.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F. & Rangel, A. Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science 324, 646–648 (2009). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Food Desire Task · plain
- Premisecitation
In that recent study, the increase in calorie intake resulted in significant gains in weight.
“Moreover, this increase in calorie intake resulted in significant gains in weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Markwald, R. R. et al. Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 5695–5700 (2013). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Recent behavioral studies indicate that the largest impact of sleep loss on altered food choices occurs during the evening.
“recent behavioral studies indicate that the largest impact of sleep loss on altered food choices occurs during the evening22,30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Markwald, R. R. et al. Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 5695–5700 (2013). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [30] Baron, K. G., Reid, K. J., Kern, A. S. & Zee, P. C. Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19, 1374–1381 (2011). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Sleep loss may lead to the development and/or maintenance of obesity through the potentially maladaptive selection of foods carrying obesogenic (weight-gain) potential.
“In summary, these findings contribute to a novel brain mechanism by which sleep loss may lead to the development and/or maintenance of obesity through the potentially maladaptive selection of foods carrying obesogenic (weight-gain) potential”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Cappuccio, F. P. et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 31, 619–626 (2008). source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The effects of one night of total sleep deprivation on brain and behavioral food desire generalize to the chronic, partial sleep restriction that is associated with obesity in population studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The laboratory food desire ratings and brain responses predict real-world food choices and weight gain.
- Rests on an assumption: The 80 food images used in the task are representative of foods available in real-world settings.
- Study design and conductown data
Participants were well rested when entering both experimental sessions.
“Taken together, these measures suggest that participants were well rested when entering both experimental sessions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Hunger ratings did not differ statistically between sleep deprived and rested conditions preceding the MRI scan sessions (p=0.28).
“hunger ratings (measured on 100mm visual analog scale23) that did not differ statistically (p=0.28) between sleep deprived (47.7±25.53 s.d. mm) and rested conditions (39.7±24.0 s.d. mm) preceding the MRI scan sessions.”
- Also stated in: § Eating schedule procedures · plain
“Self reported hunger levels (assessed on a 100 mm visual analog scale23) immediately preceding the scan session were no different between the rested and deprived conditions (p=0.28; also reported in”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Eating schedule procedures · plain
- May combine two claims. 14
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhen all five regions of interest are considered as a family of independent tests and corrected for multiple tests, lateral orbital frontal cortex and anterior insula no longer survive the more stringent threshold, while anterior cingulate remains significant.
“if all five regions of interest are considered as a family of independent tests and correcting for multiple tests we find that lateral orbital frontal cortex and anterior insula no longer survive this more stringent statistical threshold while the anterior cingulate remains significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The five regions of interest are independent for the purpose of multiple comparison correction.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep deprivation alters appetite-regulating hormones and increases caloric intake.
“Moreover, sleep deprivation alters appetite-regulating hormones and increases caloric intake2,3.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Hanlon, E. C. & Van Cauter, E. Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, (Suppl 3): 15609–15616 (2011). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3] Brondel, L., Romer, M. A., Nougues, P. M., Touyarou, P. & Davenne, D. Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1550–1559 (2010). source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe alteration in food desire observed here, coinciding with changes in brain activity, is consistent with previous behavioral findings describing increases in actual caloric intake following sleep loss when ad libitum food conditions are presented and increased cravings for higher caloric food categories.
“the alteration in food desire observed here, coinciding with changes in brain activity, are consistent with previous behavioral findings describing increases in actual caloric intake following sleep loss when ad libitum food conditions are presented3,22 and increased cravings for higher caloric food categories (e.g. sweet, salty and starchy foods)23.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [3] Brondel, L., Romer, M. A., Nougues, P. M., Touyarou, P. & Davenne, D. Acute partial sleep deprivation increases food intake in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1550–1559 (2010). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [22] Markwald, R. R. et al. Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 5695–5700 (2013). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P. & Van Cauter, E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann. Intern. Med. 141, 846–850 (2004). source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe brain areas examined have specific and recognized functional roles in appetitive food stimulus evaluation and choice but are not limited to performing such functions, so effects may extend beyond appetitive processes.
“while these brain areas do have specific and recognized functional roles in the context of appetitive food stimulus evaluation and choice, as we examined using the current task, theses regions are not limited to performing such functions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [16] Botvinick, M. M. Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 7, 356–366 (2007). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] Critchley, H. D. et al. Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain 126, 2139–2152 (2003). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [18] Stuss, D. T. Functions of the frontal lobes: relation to executive functions. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 17, 759–765 (2011). source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSufficient sleep is an important mechanistic factor promoting weight control, one pathway of which appears to be the regulation of central brain mechanisms governing appropriate food choices.
“They further support the proposal of sufficient sleep as an important mechanistic factor promoting weight control, one pathway of which appears to be the regulation of central brain mechanisms governing appropriate food choices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The effects of one night of total sleep deprivation on brain and behavioral food desire generalize to the chronic, partial sleep restriction that is associated with obesity in population studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The laboratory food desire ratings and brain responses predict real-world food choices and weight gain.
- Rests on an assumption: The 80 food images used in the task are representative of foods available in real-world settings.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningChanges in central nervous system disruption due to sleep loss, such as the alterations in appetitive brain signaling described in the current study, may contribute to decisions that lead to increased calorie consumption in excess of energy expenditure changes, one consequence of which is weight gain.
“This finding leads to the hypothesis that changes in central nervous system disruption due to sleep loss, such as the alterations in appetitive brain signaling described in the current study, may contribute to decisions that lead to increased calorie consumption in excess of energy expenditure changes, one consequence of which is weight gain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataTwenty-three participants were included in the analysis.
“Twenty-three participants were included in analysis (13 female; mean age: 20.5± 1.8 s.d.; mean body mass index: 23.0±1.8 s.d.; 1 participant was left handed).”
- Also stated in: § Experiment Overview · plain
“twenty-three healthy participants (13 female; age: 20.5± 1.8 s.d.; body mass index: 23.0±1.8 s.d.) underwent a repeated measures, counterbalanced cross-over design”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Experiment Overview · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe current findings were measured in a group of healthy young and lean participants (20.5±1.8 s.d. years of age; 23.0±1.8 s.d. BMI).
“the current findings were measured in a group of healthy young and lean participants (20.5±1.8 s.d. years of age; 23.0±1.8 s.d. BMI).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPrior work has described peripheral body changes in appetite and metabolic regulating hormones following sleep loss that can lead to weight-gain.
“elegant prior work has describe peripheral body changes in appetite and metabolic regulating hormones following sleep loss that can lead to weight-gain2,26,28.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [2] Hanlon, E. C. & Van Cauter, E. Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, (Suppl 3): 15609–15616 (2011). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P. & Van Cauter, E. The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Med. Rev. 11, 163–178 (2007). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [28] Van Cauter, E. et al. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Horm. Res. 67, (Suppl 1): 2–9 (2007).
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThree participants (from 26 original) were excluded due to failure to keep the sleep schedule (>2 hours deviation), initiating a gluten free diet, or inability to stay awake during the deprivation scan session.
“Three participants (from 26 original) were excluded due to, 1) failure to keep the sleep schedule (>2 hours deviation), 2) initiating a gluten free diet, 3) inability to stay awake during the deprivation scan session as evidence from online eye-tracking and omitting responses on 30% of trials.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataSubjects attained 8.08±1.0 hours time in bed across the three nights preceding sleep deprivation and 8.07±1.0 hours preceding the sleep rested condition.
“Subjects attained 8.08±1.0 s.d. hours time in bed across the three nights proceeding the sleep deprivation and 8.07±1.0 s.d. hours preceding the sleep rested condition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe remaining participants omitted 3.9±4.3 trials under sleep deprivation and 0.2±0.4 trials when rested.
“The remaining participants omitted 3.9± 4.3 s.d. trials under sleep deprivation and 0.2± 0.4 s.d trials when rested, all separately modeled as omitted trials in the fMRI analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenParticipants were not informed of the hypotheses of the study nor told that they would be seeing foods that experimentally varied in calorie content or food types.
“Participants were not informed of the hypotheses of the study nor were they told that they would be seeing foods that experimentally varied in terms of calorie content or food types that could otherwise establish preconceived biases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAppetite and sleep patterns are significantly influenced by circadian phase.
“Since both appetite and sleep patterns are significantly influenced by circadian phase29”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Saper, C. B. Staying awake for dinner: hypothalamic integration of sleep, feeding, and circadian rhythms. Prog. Brain Res. 153, 243–252 (2006). source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis may reflect a progressive deterioration in the brain and body systems that regulate and maintain optimal energy balance, potentially reflected in the current study by increases in energy consumption through heightened desire for high calorie foods.
“This may reflect a progressive deterioration in the brain and body systems that regulate and maintain optimal energy balance, potentially reflected in the current study by increases in energy consumption through heightened desire for high calorie foods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAll scan sessions for this study took place during the morning.
“all scan sessions for this study took place during the morning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenConcurrent eye tracking was utilized to verify wakefulness.
“Concurrent eye tracking was utilized in order to further verify wakefulness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataScan-to-scan variance was assessed for quality assurance; individual scans with supra-threshold shifts were removed and replaced with the average of surrounding scans, affecting 6 subjects.
“First, scan to scan variance was assessed for quality assurance using time-series difference analysis (http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/DataDiagnostics) and individual scans with supra-threshold shifts (indicating high subject movement) were removed and replaced with the average of surrounding scans, these time-points were modeled out with dummy regressors (this effected 6 subjects).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe findings raise the presence of a central nervous system dysfunction that stands alongside peripheral body changes following sleep deprivation, and together these may converge on a common impact of sleep loss on weight-gain potential.
“Our findings raise the presence of a central nervous system dysfunction that stands along side these increasingly well-described peripheral body changes following sleep deprivation that together, may converge on a common impact sleep loss on weight-gain potential.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe data provide indirect support linking the state of sleep deprivation, and the subjective severity of this state, to altered internal homeostasis following extended time awake, consistent with established alterations in metabolism and temperature regulation following sleep loss.
“our data provide indirect support linking the state of sleep deprivation, and the subjective severity of this state, to altered internal homeostasis following extended time awake, and is consistent with already established alterations in metabolism and temperature regulation following sleep loss26,27.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [26] Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P. & Van Cauter, E. The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Med. Rev. 11, 163–178 (2007). source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [27] Romeijn, N. et al. Cold hands, warm feet: sleep deprivation disrupts thermoregulation and its association with vigilance. Sleep 35, 1673–1683 (2012). source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataDuring the PSG rested session, subjects obtained an average of 8.2±0.84 hours time asleep.
“During this PSG rested session, subjects obtained an average of 8.2± 0.84 s.d. hours time asleep (minutes and standard deviation): 48.68± 20.1 NREM Stage 1; 251.1± 39.6 NREM Stage 2; 83.58± 28.9 NREM slow wave sleep (Stages 3 & 4); 110.1± 28.7 REM sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The central brain mechanisms explaining the impact of sleep deprivation on appetitive food desire that can lead to weight-gain remain unknown.
“the central brain mechanisms explaining the impact of sleep deprivation on appetitive food desire that can lead to weight-gain remain unknown.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The five regions of interest are independent for the purpose of multiple comparison correction.
“this approach makes an assumption of independence of these regions, which may not be the case considering their collective function in appetitive processing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effects of one night of total sleep deprivation on brain and behavioral food desire generalize to the chronic, partial sleep restriction that is associated with obesity in population studies.
“In summary, these findings contribute to a novel brain mechanism by which sleep loss may lead to the development and/or maintenance of obesity through the potentially maladaptive selection of foods carrying obesogenic (weight-gain) potential”
The paper relies on this without support.
The laboratory food desire ratings and brain responses predict real-world food choices and weight gain.
“In summary, these findings contribute to a novel brain mechanism by which sleep loss may lead to the development and/or maintenance of obesity through the potentially maladaptive selection of foods carrying obesogenic (weight-gain) potential”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 80 food images used in the task are representative of foods available in real-world settings.
“The task used 80 pictures of food with no packaging collected from internet searches and cropped to standardized circles. The items were evenly distributed across five categories (salty, sweet, starchy, fruit or dairy) and varied in calorie content (Range: 7.2 – 523.4; Mean: 139.8± 94.8 s.d. Cal per serving based on USDA database listings (ndb.nal.usda.gov)).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sleep loss decreases activity in the appetite evaluation regions within human frontal cortex and insula cortex during food desirability choices combined with an increase or amplification of activity within the amygdala promoting a desire for high-calorie foods.
“Another study showed sleep loss decreases activity in the appetite evaluation regions within human frontal cortex and insula cortex during food desirability choices combined with an increase or amplification of activity within the amygdala promoting a desire for high-calorie foods [62].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [62]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
In-plane voxel size does not match the reported field of view
MinorA 96-pixel matrix with 2.5 mm in-plane voxels spans 240 mm, not the reported 224 mm field of view.
Reported 224 · recomputed 240
“Each image volume consisted of 32 ascending 3.5mm slices (96 × 96 matrix; TR = 2000ms; TE = 28ms; voxel size 2.5 × 2.5 × 3.5 mm, FOV 224mm, flip angle = 90°).”
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- Authors
- Greer, S. M., Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2013-08-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2259-2259
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3763921
- OpenAlex
- W2143202366
- Semantic Scholar
- 7ea681c655bb3c83184d6be4895d07ee019704b2
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 11.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA035076, R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, desire to eat, obesity, frontal cortex, insula, amygdala, mesolimbic system, high-calorie foods, food choice, brain activity
- MeSH terms
- Behavior, Brain, Female, Food, Humans, Hunger, Male, Sleep Deprivation, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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