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Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
Abstract
The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) is a self‐rating scale which is used to quantify progressive steps in sleepiness. The present study investigated whether the SSS cross‐validates with performance on mental tasks and whether the SSS demonstrates changes in sleepiness with sleep loss. Five college student S s were given a brief test of memory and the Wilkinson Addition Test in 2 test sessions and The Wilkinson Vigilance Test in 2 other sessions spaced throughout a 16‐hr day for 6 days. S s made SSS ratings every 15 min during their waking activities. On night 4, S s underwent all night sleep deprivation. On all other nights, S s were allowed only 8 hrs in bed. Mean SSS ratings correlated r = .68 with performance on the Wilkinson Tests. Discrete SSS ratings correlated r = .47 with performance on the memory test. Moreover, mean baseline SSS ratings were found to be significantly lower than corresponding ratings of the deprivation period.
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“increasing perceived severity of sleep deprivation across individuals, indexed by self-reported subjective sleepiness14, was positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of wanted high-calorie foods (Fig 3B)”
From The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R., & Dement, W. C.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoddes, E.
- ORCID
- Phillips, R.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1973-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 431-436
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2002716918
- Cited by
- 2,538
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- Stanford Sleepiness Scale, sleepiness, sleep deprivation, sustained attention, vigilance decrement, memory performance, cross-validation, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Male, Memory, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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