The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language: Understanding the Decision to Speak as a Volitional Process
Open accessAbstract
Previous research has devoted a great deal of attention to describing the long‐term patterns and relationships among trait‐level or situation‐specific variables. The present discussion extracts kernels of wisdom, based on the literatures on language anxiety and language learning motivation, that are used to frame the argument that choosing to initiate communication at a particular moment in time can be conceptualized as a volitional (freely chosen) process. The result is a degree of willingness to communicate (WTC) with the potential to rise and fall rapidly as the situation changes. Previous research based on both qualitative and quantitative methodologies is described that demonstrates the complexity of the processes involved in creating WTC. It is argued that methodologies must be adapted to focus upon the dynamic process of choosing to initiate or avoid second language communication when the opportunity arises.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697 · cited 5×
“For such people, a state is reached in which L2 communication is approached willingly; but as James (1890) suggested, others seem destined to remain in the condition of wish and not will. Perhaps the most interesting behaviours are those that are freely chosen, that is, volitional. The study of volition in psychology…”
BackgroundInfluentialPorges, S. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009 · Cited by 3,415
The Subtle Effects of Language Anxiety on Cognitive Processing in the Second Language
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x · Cited by 1,823 · cited 3×
“…of trait-level anxiety (for example, Spielberger’s, 1983, Trait Anxiety Scale) and measures of anxiety that are not specifically related to language learning or usage (such as test anxiety) do not show a consistent correlation with measures of L2 performance (see MacIntyre & Gardner, 1989; 1994a).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationAIDA, Y. (1994) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x · Cited by 1,109 · cited 2×
“…Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale, Horwitz et al., 1986) are quite reliably, negatively related to a wide variety of measures of L2 performance (Aida, 1994; Frantzen & Magnan, 2005; Gregersen, 2003; Horwitz, 1986; MacIntyre & Gardner, 1994a; Onwuegbuzie, Bailey, & Daley, 2000; Vogley, 1998).”
BackgroundCreating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest?
YOUNG, D. J. (1991) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x · Cited by 1,041
Anxiety and Second‐Language Learning: Toward a Theoretical Clarification*
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x · Cited by 930 · cited 2×
“…of trait-level anxiety (for example, Spielberger’s, 1983, Trait Anxiety Scale) and measures of anxiety that are not specifically related to language learning or usage (such as test anxiety) do not show a consistent correlation with measures of L2 performance (see MacIntyre & Gardner, 1989; 1994a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationConceptualizing Motivation in Foreign‐Language Learning*
Dörnyei, Z. (1990) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00954.x · Cited by 849
The Polyvagal Theory: phylogenetic contributions to social behavior
Porges, S. W. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00156-2 · Cited by 848
Event self-importance, event rehearsal, and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory
Ritchie, T. D., Skowronski, J. J., Wood, S. E., Walker, W. R., Vogl, R. J., & Gibbons, J. A. (2006) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860600591222 · Cited by 142
Research works printed but not linked: 66
- 10.1037/1089-2699.7.3.238 · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.7.3.238
- Ahmed S. M., 1990, Psychometric properties of the boredom proneness scale, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 963, 10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.963 · DOI
- 10.1037/019251 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2001.tb02085.x · doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2001.tb02085.x
- 10.1515/ijsl.1994.108.117 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2003.tb02120.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/0023-8333.00119 · DOI · Paper page
- Beatty M. J., 1998, Communication and personality: Trait perspectives, 41
- Beatty M. J., 2001, The biology of communication: A communibiological perspective
- 10.1080/03637757609375916 · DOI · Paper page
- Clark J. L. D., 1981, Language., 87
- 10.1177/0261927X8600500403 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01113.x · DOI · Paper page
- Clément R., 2001, Handbook of language and social psychology, 489
- 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00690.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02042.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1017/CBO9780511667343 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-9922.53222 · DOI · Paper page
- Dörnyei Z., 2005, The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition
- 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1978.tb02125.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2005.tb02483.x · DOI
- Gardner R. C., 1985, Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation
- Gardner R. C., 2001, Integrative motivation: Past, present and future
- 10.1037/h0083787 · DOI · Paper page
- Gardner R. C., 1972, Attitudes and motivation in second language learning
- Gass S. M., 2000, Stimulated recall methodology in second language research
- 10.1080/01434632.1982.9994069 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2003.tb01929.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/3586302 · DOI · Paper page
- James W., 1890, The principles of psychology (Vol. 2)
- Jülkunen K., 1989, Situation‐ and task‐specific motivation in foreign language learning and teaching
- Jülkunen K., 2001, Motivation and second language learning, 29
- Lewin K., 1951, Field theory in the social sciences: Selected theoretical papers
- Loftus E. F., 1980, Memory.
- MacDonald J. R., 2003, Willingness to communicate in a L2 in a bilingual context: A qualitative investigation of anglophone and francophone students.
- MacIntyre P. D., 1999, Affect in foreign language and second language learning: A practical guide to creating a low‐anxiety classroom atmosphere, 24
- 10.1080/01463379909370135 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-9922.00194 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0261927X960151001 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1075/lllt.16.15mac · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05358.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1017/S0272263100012560 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/1467-9922.00227 · DOI · Paper page
- Maxwell J. A., 2005, Qualitative research design
- McCroskey J. C., 1991, Communication, cognition, and anxiety, 19
- Noels K. A., 2001, Motivation and second language acquisition, 43
- 10.3138/cmlr.62.2.285 · DOI
- 10.1111/0023-8333.00112 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02011.x · DOI · Paper page
- Price M. L., 1991, Language Anxiety, 101
- 10.1080/08824099109359876 · DOI
- 10.1080/01434632.1986.9994254 · DOI · Paper page
- Schumann J. H., 1997, The neurobiology of affect in language
- Schumann J., 2004, The neurobiology of learning: Perspectives from second language acquisition
- 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1978.tb00309.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1017/S0272263100006070 · DOI
- Spielberger C. D., 1983, Manual
- Ushioda E., 2001, Motivation and second language acquisition, 93
- 10.1111/j.1944-9720.1998.tb01333.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1080/07908310308666654 · DOI · Paper page
- Wilson G., 1978, Dimensions of personality, 217
- 10.1080/0144341900100105 · DOI
- 10.1111/1540-4781.00136 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00250.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1080/08934218909367489 · DOI
Cited by
The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom
Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5 · Cited by 1,757
Self-citationEmotions that facilitate language learning: the positive-broadening power of the imagination
MacIntyre, P., & Gregersen, T. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2012.2.2.4 · Cited by 843
Self-citationWillingness to Communicate in English: A Model in the Chinese EFL Classroom Context
Peng, J.-E., & Woodrow, L. (2010) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00576.x · Cited by 686
Pronunciation Fundamentals: Evidence-based perspectives for L2 teaching and research
Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (2015) · Language Learning & Language Teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.42 · Cited by 656
Introducing positive psychology to SLA
Mercer, S., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.2 · Cited by 523
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- MACINTYRE, P. D.
- Venue
- The Modern Language Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-11-06
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 564-576
- ISSN
- 0026-7902 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-4781
- OpenAlex
- W2132229198
- Cited by
- 670
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 84.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language: Understanding the Decision to Speak as a Volitional Process. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x
- The paper
- MACINTYRE, P. D. (2007). Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language: Understanding the Decision to Speak as a Volitional Process. The Modern Language Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
