12‐Month comorbidity patterns and associated factors in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project
Abstract
Objective: Comorbidity patterns of 12‐month mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders and socio‐demographic factors associated with comorbidity were studied among the general population of six European countries. Method: Data were derived from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), a cross‐sectional psychiatric epidemiological study in a representative sample of adults aged 18 years or older in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. The diagnostic instrument used was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH‐CIDI). Data are based on 21 425 completed interviews. Results: In general, high associations were found within the separate anxiety disorders and between mood and anxiety disorders. Lowest comorbidity associations were found for specific phobia and alcohol abuse—the disorders with the least functional disabilities. Comorbidity patterns were consistent cross‐nationally. Associated factors for comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders were female gender, younger age, lower educational level, higher degree of urbanicity, not living with a partner and unemployment. Only younger people were at greater risk for comorbidity of alcohol disorder with mood, anxiety disorders or both. Conclusion: High levels of comorbidity are found in the general population. Comorbidity is more common in specific groups. To reduce psychiatric burden, early intervention in populations with a primary disorder is important to prevent comorbidity.
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Among individuals with a lifetime drug use disorder, 28.3% also had an anxiety disorder, 26.4% had a mood disorder, and 6.8% had schizophrenia.
“Conversely, among individuals with a lifetime drug use disorder, 28.3% also had an anxiety disorder, 26.4% had a mood disorder, and 6.8% had schizophrenia.”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
Prevalence of SUDs in persons with panic disorder was 35.8% (OR=2.9).
“and that in persons with panic disorder was 35.8% (OR=2.9) 125 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
Analogous findings on comorbidity have been documented in other large US epidemiological studies, including the National Comorbidity Survey and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, as well as in studies from other countries.
“Analogous findings have been docu mented in other US large epidemiological studies, including the National Comorbidity Survey 126 and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions 126,127 , as well as in stud ies from other countries 125- 128 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
Prevalence of SUDs in people with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder was 47.0% (OR=4.6).
“that in people with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder was 47.0% (OR=4.6)”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
Prevalence of SUDs in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder was 56.1% (OR=6.6).
“prevalence of SUDs in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of bi polar disorder was 56.1% (odds ratio, OR=6.6)”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [125]
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The Dutch Peritonitis Study Group, Boer, K. R., van Ruler, O., van Emmerik, A., Sprangers, M. A. G., de Rooij, S. E., Vroom, M. B., de Borgie, C. A. J. M., Boermeester, M. A., & Reitsma, J. B. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0941-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“9% (the ESEMeD study) [7, 43, 44].”
Onychophagia and Onychotillomania: Prevalence, Clinical Picture and Comorbidities
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A dimensional versus a categorical approach to diagnosis: Anxiety and depression in the HUNT 2 study
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“High prevalence of such co-morbid conditions has been reported both in the general population (Alonso et al., 2004; Kessler et al., 2005), in primary care (Sartorius et al., 1996), as well as in clinical settings (Belzer and Schneier, 2004).”
BackgroundBurnout is associated with a depressive cognitive style
Bianchi, R., & Schonfeld, I. S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and Spain) has been estimated to be 13% (Alonso et al., 2004).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Epidemiology of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia in Adolescents
Knappe, S., Sasagawa, S., & Creswell, C. (2015) · Social Anxiety and Phobia in Adolescents · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16703-9_3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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“Data on 12-month disorders from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) showed alcohol dependence was more strongly associated with GAD among men but more strongly associated with major depression among women (Alonso et al., 2004).”
BackgroundLam, R. W. M., Michalak, E. E., Bond, D. J., Tam, E. M., Axler, A., & Yatham, L. N. (2012) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/630206 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Amstadter, A. B., Aggen, S. H., Knudsen, G. P., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., & Kendler, K. S. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0537-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“This study also demonstrated that PTSD was associated with increased odds of many Axis I conditions [3].”
BackgroundZimmerman, M. A., McGlinchey, J. B., Chelminski, I., & Young, D. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001717 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mediterranean diet and depression among older individuals: The multinational MEDIS study
Masana, M. F., Haro, J. M., Mariolis, A. D., Piscopo, S., Valacchi, G., Bountziouka, V. P., Anastasiou, F., Zeimbekis, A., Tyrovola, D., Gotsis, E., et al. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.05.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Social Phobia Psychotherapy Research Network
Leichsenring, F., Hoyer, J., Beutel, M., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Irle, E., Joraschky, P., König, H. H., de Liz, T. M., Nolting, B., et al. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000162299 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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“In cross-national surveys among adults, alcohol and depressive disorders have been reported to cooccur (Alonso et al., 2004; Andrade, Walters, Gentil, & Laurenti, 2002; Burns & Teesson, 2002; Helzer & Pryzbeck, 1988; Kessler et al., 1997; Grant & Harford, 1995).”
BackgroundBaldwin, D. S., den Boer, J. A., Lyndon, G. J., Emir, B., Schweizer, E. E., & Haswell, H. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115598411 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…is notable for its high prevalence (lifetime, 1.5–3.1%; Kessler and Wang, 2008; Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005), high degree of chronicity (median duration, >10 years; Bruce et al., 2005) and high degree of co-morbidity, most notably with other anxiety disorders and depression (Alonso et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialGale, C. K., & Davidson, O. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39133.559282.be · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Walker, V., Perret‐Guillaume, C., Kesse‐Guyot, E., Agrinier, N., Herçberg, S., Galan, P., Assmann, K. E., Briançon, S., & Rotonda, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169282 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Primary Care
Davidson, J. R. T., Feltner, D. E., & Dugar, A. (2010) · The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/pcc.09r00772blu · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rietschel, M., Beckmann, L., Strohmaier, J., Georgi, A., Karpushova, A., Schirmbeck, F. N., Boesshenz, K. V., Schmäl, C., Bürger, C., Jamra, R. A., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07060883 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Somatic Symptoms in Late-Life Anxiety: Treatment Issues
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Social Factors but Not Stress-Coping Styles Predict Relapse in Detoxified Alcoholics
Walter, M., Gerhard, U., Duersteler-MacFarland, K. M., Weijers, H., Boening, J., & Wiesbeck, G. A. (2006) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000096991 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Epidemiological studies from Europe and the United States of America indicate that alcohol dependence will affect many individuals at some time in their lives, with men affected more than women [”
BackgroundBoer, K. R., Mahler, C. W., Ünlü, Ç., Lamme, B., Vroom, M. B., Sprangers, M. A. G., Gouma, D. J., Reitsma, J. B., de Borgie, C. A. J. M., & Boermeester, M. A. (2007) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc5710 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Compared with these general populations, the proportions of patients from an ICU population with PTSD symptomology, a considerable time after discharge, are high [13,25-28].”
BackgroundResultHigh prevalence of mental disorders and comorbidity in the Geneva Gay Men’s Health Study
Wang, J., Häusermann, M., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Aggleton, P., & Weiss, M. G. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0190-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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“While higher education was associated with lower rates of mood disorder in a pan-European study (Alonso et al., 2004), and in Holland those with the fewest years of education had the highest morbidity rates (Bijl et al., 1998), in Finland no significant difference between different educational…”
BackgroundComorbidity in Anxiety Disorders
Merikangas, K. R., & Swanson, S. A. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_32 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Alonso et al. (2004) reported a strong degree of concurrence betweenmajor depression and specific anxiety disorders, with odds ratios (OR) ranging from 6.”
BackgroundCohidon, C., Santin, G., Imbernon, E., & Goldberg, M. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0157-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Towards an evidence-based unified psychodynamic protocol for emotional disorders
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Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders
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The Comorbidity of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Use Disorders
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Delays in seeking treatment for mental disorders in the Belgian general population
Bruffaerts, R., Bonnewyn, A., & Demyttenaere, K. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0239-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“That persons with mental disorder show very low treatment rates is a consistent finding in previous population studies [3, 22, 37], but higher than in treatment settings.”
ResultSelf-citationPost-traumatic stress disorder: emerging concepts of pharmacotherapy
Baker, D. G., Nievergelt, C. M., & Risbrough, V. B. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728210902972494 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“PTSD is associated with high levels of impairment across social and occupational domains [41,47].”
BackgroundCazalla-Luna, N., & López-Barajas, D. M. (2015) · REOP - Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía · doi:10.5944/reop.vol.25.num.3.2014.13858 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Joannès, C., Redmond, N. M., Kelly‐Irving, M., Klinkenberg, J., Guillemot, C., Sordes, F., Delpierre, C., Neufcourt, L., Basson, J.-C., Grégory, B., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16280-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Estudios poblacionales en España sobre daños relacionados con el consumo de alcohol
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Cho, S., Kim, J.-M., Kang, Y. J., Lee, S. Y., Seo, H. Y., Park, J. E., Kim, H., Kim, K., Lee, J. Y., & Sohn, J. H. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0041 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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“…consistent studies demonstrating higher mortality, worse outcomes, a distinct psychopathology (Helzer and Pryzbeck, 1988, Brady and Randall, 1999, Alonso et al., 2004, Dawson et al., 2010), and greater sensitivity to the detrimental effects of alcohol among women, future research is warranted…”
BackgroundGender Differences in Interpersonal Problems of Alcohol-Dependent Patients and Healthy Controls
Mueller, S. E., Degen, B., Petitjean, S. A., Wiesbeck, G. A., & Walter, M. (2009) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph6123010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Women with drinking problems report more depression, more psychiatric problems and are more likely to drink to relieve negative affect [18], which is supported by an European epidemiological study showing that alcohol-dependent women have a higher overall rate of co-morbid psychiatric disorders than men, especially af…”
BackgroundResultLee, S., Joshi, P., & Song, H.-B. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_282_16 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“consistence with other studies, lower education attainment was found associated with chronic disease.[36,37] Occupation”
ResultHajek, A., Neumann‐Böhme, S., Sabat, I., Torbica, A., Schreyögg, J., Barros, P. P., Stargardt, T., & König, H. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114902 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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“Previous studies have found that the lifetime prevalence rate of PTSD ranges from 5% to 10%, and that the 12-month prevalence rate is about 2–5% (Alonso et al., 2004a, b, c; Kessler et al., 2005; Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
BackgroundFactores de riesgo psicosociales y ambientales asociados a trastornos mentales
Arredondo, N. H. L., Marín, C. A., Juárez, F., Sañudo, J. E. P., Muñiz, O. A., Escobar, B., Herrón, I., Agudelo, D., Lemos, M., Isaza, B. E. T., et al. (2010) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.14349/sumapsi2010.458 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Multiple Co-occurring Behaviours among Gamblers in Treatment: Implications and Assessment
Westphal, J., & Johnson, L. J. (2007) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459790601157905 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…national mental health epidemiological studies in Asia (Kawakami et al., 2004) and Europe (Kringlen et al., 2001) and a six nation European study (Alonso et al., 2004) found similar patterns of co-occurrence as studies in the USA (Kessler et al., 1994; Kessler et al., 2005) despite differences…”
ResultGarcia-Cebrian, A., Bauer, M., Montejo, A. L., Dantchev, N., Demyttenaere, K., Gandhi, P., Grassi, L. G., Monz, B. U., David, P., Quail, D., et al. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationVeen, J. F. V., van der Wee, N. J. A., Fiselier, J., van Vliet, I. M., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2007) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.03.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Generalized social anxiety disorder (gSAD) and panic disorder (PD) are among the most prevalent anxiety disorders, with reported lifetime prevalences in Europe of 2.4% for SAD and of 2.1% for PD (Alonso et al., 2004a).”
BackgroundInfluentialLemmens, G., Buysse, A., Heene, E., Eisler, I., & Demyttenaere, K. (2007) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00168.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 investigators, Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., Haro, J. M., Katz, S. J., Kessler, R. C., Kovess, V., Lépine, J. P., Ormel, J., Polidori, G., Russo, L. J., Vilagut, G., Almansa, J., Arbabzadeh‐Bouchez, S., Autonell, J., Bernal, M., Buist‐Bouwman, M. A., Codony, M., Domingo‐Salvany, A., Ferrer, M., Joo, S. S., Martínez‐Alonso, M., Matschinger, H., Mazzi, F., Morgan, Z., Morosini, P., Palacín, C., Romera, B., Taub, N., & Vollebergh, W. A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- GlaxoSmithKline (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (IT)
- Hôpital Paul-Brousse (FR)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Harvard University (US)
- Mutuelle Générale de l'Éducation Nationale (FR)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
- Institut Municipal d'Assistència Sanitària (ES)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- s420
- Pages
- 28-37
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W1978533844
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 21.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- European Commission
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- psychiatric comorbidity, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism, specific phobia, alcohol abuse, sociodemographic risk factors, cross-national comparison, mental health burden, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcoholism, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Europe, Female, Humans, International Cooperation, Male, Middle Aged, Psychology, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Mood Disorders
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