Cited by 533Stress Responses and CortisolNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system

STRATAKIS, CONSTANTINE A., CHROUSOS, GEORGE P.·1995·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Abstract

The human organism is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, homeostasis. The stress system is activated when homeostasis is challenged by extrinsic or intrinsic forces, the stressors. This system, whose central component is the central nervous system (CNS) and includes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and noradrenergic neurons, respectively, in the hypothalamus and the brain stem, has as its peripheral limbs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system. Normal development and preservation of life and species are dependent on a normally functioning stress system. Maladaptive neuroendocrine responses, i.e., dysregulation of the stress system, may lead to disturbances in growth and development, and cause psychiatric, endocrine/metabolic, and/or autoimmune diseases or vulnerability to such diseases.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44666.x

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  • Threat perception by limbic structures causes the paraventricular nucleus to secrete CRH and vasopressin to the anterior pituitary.

    “When structures in the limbic system perceive a threat (e.g., pain, extreme temperatures, aggressor), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP) to the anterior pituitary gland (Stratakis and Chrousos, 1995).”

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Authors
STRATAKIS, C. A., & CHROUSOS, G. P.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Venue
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1995-12
Volume
771
Issue
1
Pages
1-18
ISSN
  • 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-6632
OpenAlex
W2056702525
Cited by
533
References
72
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 26
FWCI
1.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
stress system, neuroendocrinology, homeostasis, stressors, corticotropin-releasing factor, noradrenergic neurons, hypothalamus, brainstem, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, growth and development, mental illness, autoimmune disease, endocrine and metabolic diseases
MeSH terms
Affect, Animals, Digestive System Physiological Phenomena, Growth, Humans, Hypothalamus, Immunity, Metabolism, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Physiological, Thyroid Hormones

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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