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The Inflammation Hypothesis of Aging: Molecular Modulation by Calorie Restriction
Abstract
A bstract: Current evidence strongly indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are widely implicated in the inflammatory process. However, mechanistic information is not readily available on the extent to which ROS/RNS contributes to the proinflammatory states of the aging process. The involvement of the underlying inflammation during the aging process and the molecular delineation of anti‐inflammatory action of calorie restriction (CR) is described. Age‐related upregulations of NF‐κB, IL‐β, IL‐6, TNFα, cyclooxygenase‐2, and inducible NO synthase are all attenuated by CR. The suppression of the NF‐κB activation was accomplished by blocking the dissociation of inhibitory IκBα and IκBβ by CR. These findings provide underlying molecular insights into the anti‐inflammatory action of CR in relation to the aging process. Based on these and other available data, it is suggested that the “Inflammation Hypothesis of Aging” supports the molecular basis of the inflammatory process as a plausible cause of the aging process.
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Caloric restriction affects NF-κB, mTOR, AMPK, and MAPK pathways involved in ageing and inflammation, downregulating inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and IL-1β.
“NF-κB, mTOR, AMPK, and MAPK are pathways that are involved in both ageing and inflammation and have been shown to be affected by caloric restriction, resulting in downregulation of inflammatory markers, such as IL-6 and IL-1β191,192.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [192]
NF-κB, mTOR, and MAPK pathways closely related to aging and inflammation are modulated by caloric restriction that downregulates the activation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α genes, hence the pro-inflammatory state.
“NF-κB, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and MAPK, pathways closely related to aging and inflammation are modulated by caloric restriction that downregulates the activation of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α genes, hence the pro-inflammatory state (20, 91, 92).”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [92]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chung, H. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. W., & Yu, B. P.
- Affiliations
- Pusan National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Hae Young
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 928
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 327-335
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2163849426
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- caloric restriction, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, NF-κB, IκBα, IκBβ, inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, aging
- MeSH terms
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha, Aging, Animals, Energy Intake, DNA-Binding Proteins, Food Deprivation, Inflammation, Isoenzymes, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Nitric Oxide, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, Prostaglandins, Superoxide Dismutase, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, NF-kappa B, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mice, Knockout, Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxide Synthase, I-kappa B Proteins, Mice, Cyclooxygenase 2, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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