Global Carbon Budget 2023
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Abstract
Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesise data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO2-products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements and Earth System Models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2022, EFOS increased by 1.0 % relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 10.2 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 (9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), ELUC was 1.2 ± 0.7 GtC yr-1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1 (40.7 ± 3.2 GtCO2 yr-1). Also, for 2022, GATM was 4.6 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1 (2.18 ± 0.1 ppm yr-1), SOCEAN was 2.8 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1 and SLAND was 3.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1, with a BIM of -0.1 GtC yr-1 (i.e. total estimated sources marginally too low or sinks too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2022 reached 417.1 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2023, suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2022 of +1.2 % (0.2 % to 2.2 %) globally, and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 419.2 ppm, more than 50 % above pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2022, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 GtC yr-1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set.
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In 2022, 32% of fossil fuel emissions came from oil, 41% from coal, and 21% from natural gas.
“In 2022, total fossil fuel emissions totaled almost 10 gigatons, where 32% came from oil, 41% came from coal, and 21% came from natural gas [113].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [113]
In 2022, total fossil fuel emissions totaled almost 10 gigatons.
“In 2022, total fossil fuel emissions totaled almost 10 gigatons, where 32% came from oil, 41% came from coal, and 21% came from natural gas [113].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [113]
The largest carbon dioxide net uptake occurs through plant growth in terrestrial systems, with around 3.3 Gt of carbon per year.
“However, the largest carbon dioxide net uptake occurs through plant growth in terrestrial systems, with around 3.3 Gt of carbon per year (see Graphical abstract).”
From Balancing the green carbon cycle — Biogenic carbon within life cycle assessment (2025) · cites this paper as Friedlingstein et al. (2023)
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Vast CO2 release from Australian fires in 2019–2020 constrained by satellite
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Revision of global carbon fluxes based on a reassessment of oceanic and riverine carbon transport
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Self-citationTesting global ocean carbon cycle models using measurements of atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentration
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Self-citationChau, T. T. T., Gehlen, M., & Chevallier, F. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationLuijkx, I. T., van der Velde, I. R., van der Veen, E., Tsuruta, A., Stanisławska, K., Babenhauserheide, A., Zhang, H. F., Liu, Y., He, W., Chen, H., et al. (2017) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-10-2785-2017 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationStudies of Recent Changes in Atmospheric O2 Content
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Self-citationBias in the attribution of forest carbon sinks
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Self-citationA Bayesian ensemble data assimilation to constrain model parameters and land-use carbon emissions
Lienert, S., & Joos, F. (2018) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-15-2909-2018 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationFay, A. R., Gregor, L., Landschützer, P., McKinley, G. A., Gruber, N., Gehlen, M., Iida, Y., Laruelle, G. G., Rödenbeck, C., Roobaert, A., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationBurrows, S. M., Maltrud, M. E., Yang, X., Zhu, Q., Jeffery, N., Shi, X., Ricciuto, D. M., Wang, S., Bisht, G., Tang, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2019ms001766 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationKato, E., Kinoshita, T., Ito, A., Kawamiya, M., & Yamagata, Y. (2011) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2011.628705 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Global Land Carbon Cycle Simulated With ISBA‐CTRIP: Improvements Over the Last Decade
Delire, C., Séférian, R., Decharme, B., Alkama, R., Calvet, J., Carrer, D., Gibelin, A., Joetzjer, É., Morel, X., Rocher, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2019ms001886 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationYue, X., & Unger, N. (2015) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-8-2399-2015 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationNet carbon emissions from African biosphere dominate pan-tropical atmospheric CO2 signal
Palmer, P. I., Feng, L., Baker, D. F., Chevallier, F., Boesch, H., & Somkuti, P. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11097-w · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon emissions and removals from forests: new estimates, 1990–2020
Tubiello, F. N., Pekkarinen, A., Marklund, L., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-1681-2021 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationJain, A. K., Meiyappan, P., Song, Y., & House, J. I. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12207 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationTian, H., Chen, G., Lü, C., Xu, X., Hayes, D. J., Ren, W., Pan, S., Huntzinger, D. N., & Wofsy, S. C. (2014) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1072-9 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationJULES-CN: a coupled terrestrial carbon–nitrogen scheme (JULES vn5.1)
Wiltshire, A. J., Burke, E., Chadburn, S., JONES, C. D., Cox, P. M., Davies‐Barnard, T., Friedlingstein, P., Harper, A., Liddicoat, S. K., Sitch, S. A., et al. (2021) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-14-2161-2021 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationNatural Variability and Anthropogenic Trends in the Ocean Carbon Sink
McKinley, G. A., Fay, A. R., Lovenduski, N. S., & Pilcher, D. J. (2016) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060529 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Janssens‐Maenhout, G., De-Gol, A. J., Ciais, P., Patra, P. K., Chevallier, F., & Quéré, C. L. (2021) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00779-6 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationVuichard, N., Messina, P., Luyssaert, S., Guenet, B., Zaehle, S., Ghattas, J., Bastrikov, V., & Peylin, P. (2019) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-12-4751-2019 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiyear precipitation reduction strongly decreases carbon uptake over northern China
Yuan, W., Liu, D., Dong, W., Liu, S., Zhou, G., Yu, G., Zhao, T., Feng, J., Ma, Z., Chen, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2014jg002608 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationCiais, P., Bastos, A., Chevallier, F., Lauerwald, R., Poulter, B., Canadell, J. G., Hugelius, G., Jackson, R. B., Jain, A. K., Jones, M. W., et al. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-15-1289-2022 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal burned area increasingly explained by climate change
Burton, C., Lampe, S., Kelley, D. I., Thiery, W., Hantson, S., Christidis, N., Gudmundsson, L., Forrest, M., Burke, E., Chang, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02140-w · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A comparison of estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil carbon sources
Andrew, R. M. (2020) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-12-1437-2020 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationGaubert, B., Stephens, B. B., Basu, S., Chevallier, F., Deng, F., Kort, E. A., Patra, P. K., Peters, W., Rödenbeck, C., Saeki, T., et al. (2019) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-16-117-2019 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citation(IPCC), I. P. O. C. C. (2023) · doi:10.1017/9781009325844.029 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
External Forcing Explains Recent Decadal Variability of the Ocean Carbon Sink
McKinley, G. A., Fay, A. R., Eddebbar, Y. A., et al. (2020) · AGU Advances · doi:10.1029/2019av000149 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Well Do We Understand the Land‐Ocean‐Atmosphere Carbon Cycle?
Crisp, D., Dolman, A. J., Tanhua, T., McKinley, G. A., Hauck, J., Bastos, A., Sitch, S. A., Eggleston, S., & Aich, V. (2022) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2021rg000736 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020)
Liu, J., Baskaran, L. M., Bowman, K. W., SCHIMEL, D. S., Bloom, A. A., Parazoo, N. C., Oda, T., Carroll, D., Menemenlis, D., Joiner, J., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-299-2021 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationAre Terrestrial Biosphere Models Fit for Simulating the Global Land Carbon Sink?
Seiler, C., Melton, J. R., Arora, V. K., Sitch, S. A., Friedlingstein, P., Arneth, A., Goll, D. S., Jain, A. K., Joetzjer, É., Lienert, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2021ms002946 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationRiverine‐driven interhemispheric transport of carbon
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Bloom, A. A., & Williams, M. (2015) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-12-1299-2015 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Burton, C., Betts, R., Cardoso, M., Feldpausch, T. R., Harper, A., JONES, C. D., Kelley, D. I., Robertson, E., & Wiltshire, A. (2019) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-12-179-2019 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationRegional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink
Keppler, L., & Landschützer, P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic
Brancalion, P. H. S., Broadbent, E. N., de‐Miguel, S., Cardíl, A., Rosa, M. R., de Almeida, C. T., de Almeida, D. R. A., Chakravarty, S., Zhou, M., Gamarra, J. G. P., et al. (2020) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.006 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Uncertainties around reductions in China’s coal use and CO2 emissions
Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., & Andrew, R. M. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2963 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationAudit of the global carbon budget: estimate errors and their impact on uptake uncertainty
Ballantyne, A. P., Andres, R. J., Houghton, R. A., Stocker, B. D., Wanninkhof, R. H., Anderegg, W. R. L., Cooper, L. A., DeGrandpre, M. D., Tans, P. P., Miller, J. B., et al. (2015) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-12-2565-2015 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationFeng, L., Palmer, P. I., Parker, R. J., et al. (2016) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-16-1289-2016 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationThe PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2019) v2.3
Gütschow, J., Günther, A., Jeffery, M. L., et al. (2021) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.4479171 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Lacroix, F. K. M., Ilyina, T., & Hartmann, J. (2020) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-17-55-2020 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationCEDS v_2019_12_23 Emission Data
Hoesly, R., O’Rourke, P., Smith, S. J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3606752 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinguishing disturbance from perturbations in fire-prone ecosystems
Keeley, J. E., & Pausas, J. G. (2019) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf18203 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries
Jones, E. C. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17112685 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Silverthorn, T., Audet, J., Evans, C. D., van der Knaap, J., Kosten, S., Paranaíba, J., Struik, Q., Webb, J., Wu, W., Yan, Z., et al. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70079 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Balancing the green carbon cycle — Biogenic carbon within life cycle assessment
Füchsl, S., Huber, J., Fröhling, M., & Röder, H. (2025) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-025-02469-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“As described by Friedlingstein et al. (2023) or Kirschbaum et al. (2024), the global carbon cycle is one of several natu-ral bio-chemical cycles occurring on Earth.”
InfluentialKang, Y., Bassiouni, M., Gaber, M., Lu, X., & Keenan, T. F. (2025) · Earth System Science Data · doi:10.5194/essd-17-3009-2025 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Körtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lefèvre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., & Zheng, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (FR)
- École Polytechnique (FR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- ORCID
- Friedlingstein, Pierre
- O'Sullivan, Michael
- Jones, Matthew W.
- Andrew, Robbie M.
- Bakker, Dorothee C. E.
- Hauck, Judith
- Landschützer, Peter
- Le Quéré, Corinne
- Luijkx, Ingrid T.
- Peters, Glen P.
- Peters, Wouter
- Pongratz, Julia
- Schwingshackl, Clemens
- Sitch, Stephen
- Canadell, Josep G.
- Ciais, Philippe
- Jackson, Robert B.
- Alin, Simone R.
- Anthoni, Peter
- Barbero, Leticia
- Bates, Nicholas R.
- Becker, Meike
- Bellouin, Nicolas
- Decharme, Bertrand
- Bopp, Laurent
- Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara
- Cadule, Patricia
- Chamberlain, Matthew A.
- Chandra, Naveen
- Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang
- Chevallier, Frédéric
- Chini, Louise P.
- Dou, Xinyu
- Evans, Wiley
- Falk, Stefanie
- Feely, Richard A.
- Feng, Liang
- Ford, Daniel J.
- Gasser, Thomas
- Gkritzalis, Thanos
- Grassi, Giacomo
- Gregor, Luke
- Gruber, Nicolas
- Gürses, Özgür
- Harris, Ian
- Hefner, Matthew
- Heinke, Jens
- Houghton, Richard A.
- Hurtt, George C.
- Iida, Yosuke
- Ilyina, Tatiana
- Jacobson, Andrew R.
- Jain, Atul
- Jarníková, Tereza
- Jersild, Annika
- Jiang, Fei
- Joos, Fortunat
- Kato, Etsushi
- Keeling, Ralph F.
- Kennedy, Daniel
- Klein Goldewijk, Kees
- Knauer, Jürgen
- Korsbakken, Jan Ivar
- Körtzinger, Arne
- Lan, Xin
- Lefèvre, Nathalie
- Li, Hongmei
- Liu, Junjie
- Liu, Zhiqiang
- Ma, Lei
- Mayot, Nicolas
- McGuire, Patrick C.
- McKinley, Galen A.
- Meyer, Gesa
- Morgan, Eric J.
- Munro, David R.
- Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro
- Niwa, Yosuke
- Olsen, Are
- Omar, Abdirahman M.
- Ono, Tsuneo
- Pierrot, Denis
- Poulter, Benjamin
- Powis, Carter M.
- Rehder, Gregor
- Resplandy, Laure
- Robertson, Eddy
- Rödenbeck, Christian
- Rosan, Thais M.
- Schwinger, Jörg
- Séférian, Roland
- Smallman, T. Luke
- Smith, Stephen M.
- Sun, Qing
- Sutton, Adrienne J.
- Sweeney, Colm
- Tans, Pieter P.
- Tian, Hanqin
- Tilbrook, Bronte
- Tsujino, Hiroyuki
- Tubiello, Francesco
- van der Werf, Guido R.
- Wanninkhof, Rik
- Watanabe, Michio
- Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy
- Yang, Dongxu
- Yuan, Wenping
- Yue, Xu
- Zaehle, Sönke
- Zeng, Jiye
- Zheng, Bo
- Venue
- Earth System Science Data
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2023-12-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5301-5369
- ISSN
- 1866-3508 (ISSN-L)
- 1866-3516
- OpenAlex
- W4389195056
- Cited by
- 1,500
- References
- 298
- Citations by year
- 2026: 391 · 2025: 685 · 2024: 420 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 168.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Earth system science data (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Earth System Science Data Discussions (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (acceptedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (I001821N)
- Tula Foundation (n.a.)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0607504)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (42141020, 42275128, 41921005)
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (CAMS2 55)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (821003, 101003536, 862626, 101094716, 871153)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (n.a.)
- Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (03F0885AL1, 03F0877A)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (200020-200511)
- Helmholtz Association (ATMO, MOSES)
- Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan (JP-MEERF21S20800, E2252)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (090414380031)
- Japan Meteorological Agency (n.a.)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JPMXD0722680395, JPMXD0722681344, JPMEERF21S20810, JPMXD1420318865, JPMEERF21S20800)
- Norges Forskningsråd (296012)
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (n.a.)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/V01417X/1, NE/R016518/1)
- Royal Society (RP\R1\191063)
- UK Research and Innovation (10040851)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC21K1059, 80NM0018F0583)
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (1852977)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA22OAR4320151, NA20OAR4320278, NA20OAR4320271, NA20OAR4320472, 100018302, 100007298, NA03AR4320179)
- National Science Foundation (NSF- 831361857, OPP-1922922)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Keywords
- carbon balance, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, fossil fuel emissions, land use change emissions, deforestation, ocean carbon sink, terrestrial carbon sink, carbon cycle, cement carbonation, dynamic global vegetation models, ocean biogeochemistry models, temperature inversion, Earth system models, uncertainty quantification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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