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Cited by 33Treatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

State of the Science of Neural Systems in Late‐Life Depression: Impact on Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcome

Open access
Manning, Kevin J., Steffens, David C.·2018·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
DOI 10.1111/jgs.15353PMC PMC5905432
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Abstract

Major depression in older adults, or late‐life depression (LLD), is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder that increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Although the effects of LLD make it important to achieve a diagnosis and start treatment quickly, individuals with LLD are often inadequately or unsuccessfully treated. The latest treatment developments suggest that interventions targeting executive dysfunction and neuroticism, constructs associated with poor response to antidepressants in older adults, are successful in treating LLD. Specific behavioral interventions (computerized cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, aerobic exercise) appear to decrease depressive symptoms and ameliorate executive dysfunction and neuroticism, but we do not fully understand the mechanisms by which these treatments work. We review recent research on neural network changes underlying executive dysfunction and neuroticism in LLD and their association with clinical outcomes (e.g., treatment response, cognitive functioning).

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/jgs.15353

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 88 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    In a sample of adults with late-life depression, 39% had not remitted from depression after three months.

    “Thirty-nine percent of the sample did not experience depression remission at three months.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Karim HT Andreescu C Tudorascu D Intrinsic functional connectivity in late-life depression: trajectories over the course of pharmacotherapy in remitters and non-remitters Molecular psychiatry 2017 22 450 457 27090303 PMC5322273 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Treatments that improve cognitive control network and salience/default mode network processing could be particularly helpful for late-life depression.

    “interventions that enhance the efficiency and processing of the CCN and SN-DMN may be especially useful in the treatment of LLD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Among older adults with major depression but no dementia, an estimated 30-40% have executive dysfunction on cognitive testing.

    “Estimates suggest 30–40% of non-demented older adults with major depression exhibit signs of executive dysfunction on cognitive examination24.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Lockwood KA Alexopoulos GS van Gorp WG Executive dysfunction in geriatric depression The American journal of psychiatry 2002 159 1119 1126 12091189 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Among adults with late-life depression, antidepressant remitters showed significant connectivity changes in the cognitive control and default mode networks relative to non-remitters.

    “Compared to non-remitters, those who achieved remission experienced significant changes in the CCN and DMN over the course of treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Karim HT Andreescu C Tudorascu D Intrinsic functional connectivity in late-life depression: trajectories over the course of pharmacotherapy in remitters and non-remitters Molecular psychiatry 2017 22 450 457 27090303 PMC5322273 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Brain substrates underlying executive dysfunction and neuroticism could serve as treatment targets in late-life depression.

    “Thus, neuroanatomical substrates of executive dysfunction and neuroticism may be useful treatment targets in LLD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 25
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Over half of older patients with late-life depression do not respond to initial pharmacotherapy, and only about one third achieve remission with an antidepressant or cognitive behavioral therapy.

    “over 50% of patients fail to respond to initial pharmacological treatment, and remission from depression is achieved in only 1/3 of older patients treated with an antidepressant or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)5.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Kok RM Reynolds CF 3rd Management of Depression in Older Adults: A Review JAMA 2017 317 2114 2122 28535241 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In older adults, executive functioning and neuroticism are separate factors that both raise risk for and maintain mood problems and cognitive decline.

    “Converging neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence indicates the cognitive process of executive functioning and the personality trait of neuroticism each individually and independently predispose and perpetuate mood disturbance and cognitive decline in older adults9–12.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [9] Manning KJ Chan G Steffens DC Neuroticism Traits Selectively Impact Long Term Illness Course and Cognitive Decline in Late-Life Depression The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2017 25 220 229 27825555 PMC5316488 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Alexopoulos GS Manning KJ Kanellopoulos D Cognitive control, reward related decision making and response of late-life depression to an antidepressant Psychological medicine 2015 14 3111 3120 PMC4631680 26169527 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Alexopoulos GS Hoptman MJ Kanellopoulos D Murphy CF Lim KO Gunning FM Functional connectivity in the cognitive control network and the default mode network in late-life depression Journal of affective disorders 2012 139 56 65 22425432 PMC3340472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Steffens DC Wang L Manning KJ Pearlson GD Negative Affectivity, Aging, and Depression: Results From the Neurobiology of Late-Life Depression (NBOLD) Study The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2017 PMC5600659 28457805 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Key symptoms of late-life depression track with lower cognitive control network activity and overactivity in salience and default mode networks.

    “prominent symptoms of LLD are associated with decreased activity in the CCN (executive dysfunction) and hyperactivity in the SN and DMN (emotional arousal, rumination, apathy, negativity bias)11, 21.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Alexopoulos GS Hoptman MJ Kanellopoulos D Murphy CF Lim KO Gunning FM Functional connectivity in the cognitive control network and the default mode network in late-life depression Journal of affective disorders 2012 139 56 65 22425432 PMC3340472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Yuen GS Gunning-Dixon FM Hoptman MJ The salience network in the apathy of late-life depression International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2014 29 1116 1124 24990625 PMC4197060 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In late-life depression, antidepressant remitters had stronger connectivity between the cognitive control network and the default mode network's posterior cingulate, and weaker connectivity between the cognitive control network and the default mode network's middle temporal gyrus.

    “remitters experienced increased connectivity between the CCN-posterior cingulate of the DMN and decreased connectivity between the CCN-middle temporal gyrus of the DMN.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Karim HT Andreescu C Tudorascu D Intrinsic functional connectivity in late-life depression: trajectories over the course of pharmacotherapy in remitters and non-remitters Molecular psychiatry 2017 22 450 457 27090303 PMC5322273 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lower baseline cognitive control network connectivity was associated with executive test performance and separated older depressed patients who remitted after 12 weeks of antidepressants from those who did not.

    “Decreased CCN connectivity at baseline also correlated with behavioral measures of executive functioning and distinguished older depressed adults who remitted following 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment from those who did not.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Alexopoulos GS Hoptman MJ Kanellopoulos D Murphy CF Lim KO Gunning FM Functional connectivity in the cognitive control network and the default mode network in late-life depression Journal of affective disorders 2012 139 56 65 22425432 PMC3340472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In older adults with late-life depression, high neuroticism predicted worse depression response and global cognitive decline over 10 years after adjusting for depression severity.

    “While controlling for depression severity, high neuroticism was associated with both poor depression response and global cognitive decline over 10 years in older adults with LLD9.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Manning KJ Chan G Steffens DC Neuroticism Traits Selectively Impact Long Term Illness Course and Cognitive Decline in Late-Life Depression The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2017 25 220 229 27825555 PMC5316488 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In older adults, neuroticism helps maintain major depression and harms cognitive function.

    “The presence of neuroticism also perpetuates major depression in older adults and is detrimental to the cognitive functioning of this cohort34.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Steffens DC McQuoid DR Smoski MJ Potter GG Clinical outcomes of older depressed patients with and without comorbid neuroticism International psychogeriatrics / IPA 2013 25 1985 1990 PMC3830609 23941723 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Endorsing more negative words in a negative self-referential task is linked to stronger connectivity between cognitive control network dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex in younger depressed adults and in non-depressed adults with high neuroticism.

    “a larger endorsement of negative words during negative self-referential processing is associated with increased connectivity between the CCN (DLPFC) and mPFC in depressed younger adults37 and non-depressed adults high in neuroticism38”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Lemogne C le Bastard G Mayberg H In search of the depressive self: extended medial prefrontal network during self-referential processing in major depression Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 2009 4 305 312 19307251 PMC2728628 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Doerig N Schlumpf Y Spinelli S Neural representation and clinically relevant moderators of individualised self-criticism in healthy subjects Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 2014 9 1333 1340 23887820 PMC4158373 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Evidence from two research streams supports the idea that cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, and aerobic exercise improve late-life depression by acting on cognitive control, default mode, and salience networks.

    “Two converging lines of research support the premise that these treatments result in clinical change in LLD by targeting the Cognitive Control Network (CCN), Default Mode Network (DMN), and Salience Network (SN).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Clinical research indicates that cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, and aerobic exercise reduce depressive symptoms and improve executive dysfunction or neuroticism in late-life depression.

    “clinical studies suggest cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, and aerobic exercise improve depression symptoms and executive dysfunction or neuroticism in LLD 17, 40, 41.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [17] Lenze EJ Hickman S Hershey T Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults with worry symptoms and co-occurring cognitive dysfunction International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2014 29 991 1000 24677282 PMC4136987 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Morimoto SS Wexler BE Liu J Hu W Seirup J Alexopoulos GS Neuroplasticity-based computerized cognitive remediation for treatment-resistant geriatric depression Nat Commun 2014 5 4579 25093396 PMC4139707 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Rhyner KT Watts A Exercise and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: A Systematic Meta-Analytic Review J Aging Phys Act 2016 24 234 246 26372020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In older adults, 24 hours of computerized cognitive training for memory, problem-solving, and visuospatial skills raised white matter integrity in cognitive control regions, strengthened resting connectivity within the cognitive control network, and weakened resting connectivity between cognitive control and default mode networks relative to controls.

    “Compared to a control group, CCT increased the integrity of white matter in brain regions associated with the CCN, increased resting state functional connectivity within the CCN, and decreased resting state functional connectivity between the CCN and DMN.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Cao W Cao X Hou C Effects of Cognitive Training on Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Default Mode, Salience, and Central Executive Networks Front Aging Neurosci 2016 8 70 27148042 PMC4828428 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Cao X Yao Y Li T The Impact of Cognitive Training on Cerebral White Matter in Community-Dwelling Elderly: One-Year Prospective Longitudinal Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study Sci Rep 2016 6 33212 27628682 PMC5024122 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Late-life depression is associated with lower uncinate fasciculus structural integrity than in non-depressed age-matched peers, and lower integrity correlates with executive dysfunction and depressive symptoms.

    “older adults with LLD exhibit decreased structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus compared to non-depressed age-matched peers, and decreased integrity is correlated with executive dysfunction and depression symptoms54.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Charlton RA Lamar M Zhang A Yang S Ajilore O Kumar A White-matter tract integrity in late-life depression: associations with severity and cognition Psychological medicine 2014 44 1427 1437 24041297 PMC4310501 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In healthy older adults, eight weeks of non-computerized memory training was linked to white matter integrity differences versus control; uncinate fasciculus integrity fell in controls and rose slightly in the training group.

    “Integrity of the uncinate fasciculus, a white matter pathway connecting the prefrontal cortex with limbic regions, decreased in the control group and slightly increased in the treatment group53.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Engvig A Fjell AM Westlye LT Memory training impacts short-term changes in aging white matter: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study Hum Brain Mapp 2012 33 2390 2406 21823209 PMC6870063 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Preliminary data from 11 older adults with mild cognitive impairment suggested non-computerized memory training trended toward greater medial prefrontal gray matter volume over three months, while yoga training produced no volume change.

    “Preliminary evidence in 11 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) also suggested that (non-computerized) memory training showed a trend towards increased gray matter volume in the mPFC over three months, whereas MCI participants who underwent yoga training did not experience any change in volume over that same time frame52.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Yang H Leaver AM Siddarth P Neurochemical and Neuroanatomical Plasticity Following Memory Training and Yoga Interventions in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment Front Aging Neurosci 2016 8 277 27917121 PMC5116460 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Taken together, the evidence indicates that in psychiatrically healthy adults, computerized cognitive training is linked to functional changes in cognitive control, default mode, and salience networks and structural changes in areas tied to self-reference and emotion regulation.

    “Together, this evidence suggests CCT in healthy adults without psychiatric illness is associated with functional brain changes to the CCN, DMN, and SN, and structural changes to brain regions correlated with self-referential processing and emotion regulation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 15 cognitively normal, psychiatrically healthy middle-aged adults, four 20-minute mindfulness meditation sessions reduced anxiety symptoms and increased activation in default mode and salience regions including medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and anterior insula.

    “Zeidan et al.57 provided evidence that four 20 minute sessions of MMT resulted in decreased anxiety symptoms and greater activation in DMN and SN regions, namely the mPFC, anterior cingulate, and anterior insula.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Zeidan F Martucci KT Kraft RA McHaffie JG Coghill RC Neural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 2014 9 751 759 23615765 PMC4040088 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In late-life depression, both executive-function computerized cognitive training and problem-solving therapy reduced depression, but only the training improved objective executive performance.

    “Anguera et al.16 found that both CCT targeting executive functioning and problem-solving therapy improved depression in LLD, yet only CCT improved performance on objective measures of executive functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Anguera JA Gunning FM Arean PA Improving late life depression and cognitive control through the use of therapeutic video game technology: A proof-of-concept randomized trial Depress Anxiety 2017 PMC6093618 28052513 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In late-life depression, computerized cognitive training, but not psychotherapy, improved negative self-referential processing; after treatment, training patients endorsed fewer negative self-descriptive words than problem-solving therapy patients.

    “Notably, Anguera and colleagues also found that CCT, but not psychotherapy, improved negative self-referential processing in LLD. Patients who underwent CCT endorsed less negative words as describing themselves post-treatment when compared to patients who underwent problem-solving therapy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Anguera JA Gunning FM Arean PA Improving late life depression and cognitive control through the use of therapeutic video game technology: A proof-of-concept randomized trial Depress Anxiety 2017 PMC6093618 28052513 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Computerized cognitive training, unlike escitalopram, improved cognitive flexibility; poorer baseline cognitive flexibility predicted greater depression improvement among those given this training.

    “Treatment with CCT, but not escitalopram, also improved cognitive flexibility and results indicated worse cognitive flexibility at baseline was associated with larger improvements in depression in those who received CCT15.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Morimoto SS Gunning FM Wexler BE Executive Dysfunction Predicts Treatment Response to Neuroplasticity-Based Computerized Cognitive Remediation (nCCR-GD) in Elderly Patients with Major Depression Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016 24 816 820 27591163 PMC5873289 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness meditation training improves cognitive problems and psychiatric symptoms in older adults.

    “MMT improves cognitive dysfunction and psychopathology in older adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] Lenze EJ Hickman S Hershey T Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults with worry symptoms and co-occurring cognitive dysfunction International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2014 29 991 1000 24677282 PMC4136987 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Rebok GW Ball K Guey LT Ten-year effects of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cognitive training trial on cognition and everyday functioning in older adults J Am Geriatr Soc 2014 62 16 24 24417410 PMC4055506 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The vascular depression hypothesis proposes that cerebrovascular disease both predisposes to and maintains depression and executive dysfunction in older adults and also reduces physical mobility.

    “the seminal “vascular depression hypothesis,” whereby cerebrovascular disease is understood to predispose and perpetuate depression and executive dysfunction in older adults63, 64, as well as result in decreased physical mobility65.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [63] Krishnan KR Hays JC Blazer DG MRI-defined vascular depression The American journal of psychiatry 1997 154 497 501 9090336 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Alexopoulos GS Meyers BS Young RC Campbell S Silbersweig D Charlson M 'Vascular depression' hypothesis Archives of general psychiatry 1997 54 915 922 9337771 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [65] Wolfson L Wakefield DB Moscufo N Rapid buildup of brain white matter hyperintensities over 4 years linked to ambulatory blood pressure, mobility, cognition, and depression in old persons The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2013 68 1387 1394 PMC3805298 23766429 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 34 older adults, 73% with generalized anxiety disorder or a depressive disorder, mindfulness meditation training produced six-month improvements in worry severity, executive function, and memory.

    “The authors initially demonstrated the treatment efficacy of MMT in 34 older adults, 73% of whom met criteria for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder or a depressive disorder (i.e., both LLD and minor depressive symptoms)17. MMT resulted in six-month improvements in worry severity and executive functioning and memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Lenze EJ Hickman S Hershey T Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults with worry symptoms and co-occurring cognitive dysfunction International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2014 29 991 1000 24677282 PMC4136987 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By changing vascular risk factors and promoting neuroplasticity, aerobic exercise might prevent or reduce cerebrovascular disease and related hypoperfusion, thereby improving mood and cognition.

    “Thus, aerobic exercise, by modifying vascular risk factors and enacting neuroplasticity, may prevent or even ameliorate cerebrovascular disease and associated decreased blood flow, and subsequently enhance mood and improve cognitive functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Aerobic exercise is known to affect overall brain health.

    “It is established that aerobic exercise has effects on overall brain health61, 62.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [61] Cotman CW Berchtold NC Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity Trends Neurosci 2002 25 295 301 12086747 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [62] Ma Q Beneficial effects of moderate voluntary physical exercise and its biological mechanisms on brain health Neurosci Bull 2008 24 265 270 18668156 PMC5552589 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among 138 adults with prior major depression and a mean age of 50, eight weekly mindfulness meditation sessions lowered NEO-PI-R neuroticism at 15 months, and this association held after adjusting for depression severity change and antidepressant use.

    “in a study of 138 adults who previously met criteria for major depression and had an average age of 50 years, eight weekly sessions of MMT (with encouragement to practice mindfulness meditation daily at home) improved NEO-PI-R neuroticism levels at 15 months60; moreover, the association between MMT and neuroticism remained significant when accounting for change in depression severity and antidep”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Spinhoven P Huijbers MJ Ormel J Speckens AEM Improvement of mindfulness skills during Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy predicts long-term reductions of neuroticism in persons with recurrent depression in remission Journal of affective disorders 2017 213 112 117 28213122 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Computerized cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, and aerobic exercise reduce depression symptoms.

    “Computerized cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, and aerobic exercise not only improve depression symptoms, but also appear to ameliorate executive dysfunction and neuroticism, constructs associated with poor response to antidepressants in older adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The three selected behavioral interventions can be delivered in interdisciplinary care settings.

    “cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, and aerobic exercise can all be implemented in an interdisciplinary care setting”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Computerized cognitive training presumably produces neuroplasticity.

    “Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is a behavioral intervention that uses repetitive learning to improve cognition or socio-emotional functioning and presumably engender neuroplasticity45.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Functional connectivity measured during rest or task performance reflects meaningful relationships among brain structures with related functions.

    “It is thought that functional connectivity during rest (where subjects are instructed to lie still with their eyes closed) or when subjects complete experimental tasks reflects important inter-relationships among brain structures with related functions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Aerobic exercise may reduce depressive symptoms in late-life depression.

    “It is also becoming increasingly clear that exercise may alleviate depressive symptoms in LLD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Neuroticism and executive dysfunction are linked to worse antidepressant outcomes in older patients.

    “constructs associated with poor response to antidepressants in older adults.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Approximately 30% of depressed older adults have abnormal performance in tests of verbal fluency, response inhibition, novel problem solving, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and/or ideomotor planning.

    “Approximately 30% of depressed older adults have abnormal performance in tests of verbal fluency, response inhibition, novel problem solving, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and/or ideomotor planning11,21 (Table 1).”

    From Mechanisms and treatment of late-life depression (2019) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Behavioral treatments improving cognitive flexibility and executive function tend to favorably impact depression and anxiety outcomes.

    “Similarly, behavioral treatments improving cognitive flexibility and executive function also tend to favorably impact depression and anxiety outcomes (89).”

    From The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [89]

  • Impairments in cognitive control domains, including cognitive flexibility and executive function, have been repeatedly tied to behavioral treatment outcomes.

    “Impairments in cognitive control domains, including cognitive flexibility and executive function, have been repeatedly tied to behavioral treatment outcomes (89–91).”

    From The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [89]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Mindfulness claim cites an unrelated study as Lenze's work

    Minor

    The text attributes citation 48 to Lenze and colleagues' mindfulness work. Reference 48 lists different authors and describes a cognitive-training trial, not mindfulness meditation.

  • Conflicting descriptions of the salience network's hub

    Minor

    The network overview identifies the right anterior insula as the primary hub of the salience network, but the cognitive-training section calls the amygdala its hub.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Costa PT, 1992, NEO PI‐R Professional Manual
  2. Carballedo A, 2014, Affective network hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity of cognitive control and ventral attention networks in adults with high neuroticism, Ann Depress Anxiety, 1

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Manning, K. J., & Steffens, D. C.
Affiliations
University of Connecticut (US)
Corresponding author
Manning, Kevin J.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-04
Volume
66
Issue
S1
Pages
S17-S23
ISSN
  • 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-5415
DOI
10.1111/jgs.15353
PMC
PMC5905432
OpenAlex
W2801229645
Semantic Scholar
a87a22ea49c1ac7a87a451e7c3dab992ab7463e0
Cited by
33
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4
FWCI
0.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 15 d)
Locations
  • Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (R13AG056140, R13AG056140‐01A1)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
geriatric depression, older adults, executive dysfunction, neuroticism, antidepressant response, computerized cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, aerobic exercise, behavioral interventions, cognitive function, treatment outcomes
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Treatment Outcome, Executive Function, Neuroimaging

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