Time-restricted feeding and risk of metabolic disease: A review of human and animal studies
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF), a key component of intermittent fasting regimens, has gained considerable attention in recent years. TRF allows ad libitum energy intake within controlled time frames, generally a 3-12 hour range each day. The impact of various TRF regimens on indicators of metabolic disease risk has yet to be investigated. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to summarize the current literature on the effects of TRF on body weight and markers of metabolic disease risk (i.e., lipid, glucoregulatory, and inflammatory factors) in animals and humans. Results from animal studies show TRF to be associated with reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, and concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, insulin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as with improvements in insulin sensitivity. Human data support the findings of animal studies and demonstrate decreased body weight (though not consistently), lower concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These preliminary findings show promise for the use of TRF in modulating a variety of metabolic disease risk factors.
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A TRF pattern with a long fast (>12-14 h) and a limited eating window not extending late in the night, with ~4-10 h in which meals were distributed and consumed, seemed to have several health benefits independent of energy restriction.
“A TRF pattern, with a long fast (>12–14 h) and a limited eating window not extending late in the night, with ~4–10 h in which meals were distributed and consumed, seemed to have several health benefits independent of energy restriction [359].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [359]
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- Authors
- Rothschild, J., Hoddy, K. K., Jambazian, P., & Varady, K. A.
- Affiliations
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science; California State University; Los Angeles California USA
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- California State University Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Varady, Krista A
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-04-16
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 308-318
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2013796966
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace) (submittedVersion)
- CSUN ScholarWorks (California State University, Northridge) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- time-restricted feeding, intermittent fasting, metabolic disease risk, body weight, lipid profile, glucose and insulin, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, interleukin-6, TNF-α, cholesterol, triglycerides
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Eating, Fasting, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Risk Factors, Biomarkers
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