Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans
Abstract
Intermittent fasting is a broad term that encompasses a variety of programs that manipulate the timing of eating occasions by utilizing short-term fasts in order to improve body composition and overall health. This review examines studies conducted on intermittent fasting programs to determine if they are effective at improving body composition and clinical health markers associated with disease. Intermittent fasting protocols can be grouped into alternate-day fasting, whole-day fasting, and time-restricted feeding. Alternate-day fasting trials of 3 to 12 weeks in duration appear to be effective at reducing body weight (≈3%-7%), body fat (≈3-5.5 kg), total cholesterol (≈10%-21%), and triglycerides (≈14%-42%) in normal-weight, overweight, and obese humans. Whole-day fasting trials lasting 12 to 24 weeks also reduce body weight (≈3%-9%) and body fat, and favorably improve blood lipids (≈5%-20% reduction in total cholesterol and ≈17%-50% reduction in triglycerides). Research on time-restricted feeding is limited, and clear conclusions cannot be made at present. Future studies should examine long-term effects of intermittent fasting and the potential synergistic effects of combining intermittent fasting with exercise.
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Alternate-day fasting alternates fasting or calorie-restricted days with ad libitum feeding days, whereas whole-day fasting restricts caloric intake on two nonconsecutive days per week while permitting unrestricted eating on the remaining 5 days.
“ADF alternates fasting or calorie-restricted days with ad libitum feeding days, whereas WDF restricts caloric intake on two nonconsecutive days per week while permitting unrestricted eating on the remaining 5 days (11, 13, 14).”
From Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy restriction in MASLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFeeding periods after 16:00 had either no effect or unfavorable effects on postprandial glycemia, β-cell responsiveness, BP, and blood lipids.
“Feeding periods after 16:00 had either no effect or unfavorable effects on postprandial glycemia, β-cell responsiveness, BP, and blood lipids [360,361,362].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [360]
Whole day fasting studies with a duration of 12-24 weeks achieved a 3-9% body weight loss, body fat loss, and lowering of blood lipids (approximately 5-20% for total cholesterol and 17-50% for triglycerides).
“Whole day fasting studies with a duration of 12–24 weeks also achieved a 3–9% body weight loss, body fat loss and lowering of blood lipids (approximately 5–20% for total cholesterol and 17–50% for triglycerides) [360].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [360]
ADF studies in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects with a duration of 3-12 weeks were effective in achieving an approximately 3-7% weight loss, 3-5.5 kg body fat loss, and lowering blood lipids (approximately 10-21% for total cholesterol and 14-42% for triglycerides).
“It has been reported that ADF studies in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects with a duration of 3–12 weeks were effective in achieving an approximately 3–7% weight loss, 3–5.5 kg body fat loss, lowering blood lipids (approximately 10–21% for total cholesterol and 14–42% for triglycerides) [360].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [360]
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“ADF alternates fasting or calorie-restricted days with ad libitum feeding days, whereas WDF restricts caloric intake on two nonconsecutive days per week while permitting unrestricted eating on the remaining 5 days (11, 13, 14).”
- Authors
- Tinsley, G. M., & La Bounty, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Baylor University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tinsley, Grant M.
- ORCID
- Tinsley, Grant M.
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-09-15
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 661-674
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-4887
- OpenAlex
- W2206659309
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Baylor University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- intermittent fasting, body composition, weight loss, fat loss, alternate-day fasting, time-restricted feeding, serum lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Weight, Cholesterol, Eating, Fasting, Humans, Lipids, Obesity, Triglycerides, Biomarkers, Exercise, Overweight
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