Feeling the Pain of Social Loss
Abstract
Poets have long waxed lyrical about the pain of a broken heart. Now, as Panksepp explains in his Perspective, this metaphor may reflect real events in the mammalian brain. A new brain neuroimaging study (Eisenberger et al.) reveals that the brain areas that are activated during the distress caused by social exclusion are also those activated during physical pain. Thus, we now have an explanation for the feeling of physical pain that accompanies emotional loss-whether that be the loss of a loved one, rejection by one's social group, or the distress of separation experienced by young animals.
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The intensity of rejection induced by prior manipulations (Cyberball, rejection-themed paintings, anonymous feedback) is lower than the pain surrounding an unwanted romantic relationship breakup.
“Although these manipulations elicit distress, few would attribute to them the same level of intensity as the pain surrounding an unwanted romantic relationship breakup (14 -16).”
From Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain (2011) · cites this paper as [16]
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Self-citationLarson, M. J., & Sweeten, G. (2012) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00272.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Schneider, P., Hannusch, C., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., Spanagel, R., & Schneider, M. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.04.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cardiac and electro-cortical concomitants of social feedback processing in women
Dekkers, L. M. S., van der Molen, M. J. W., Moor, B. G., van der Veen, F. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv039 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rejection sensitivity and pain in bipolar versus unipolar depression
Ehnvall, A., Mitchell, P. B., Hadzi‐Pavlovic, D., Parker, G., Frankland, A., Loo, C., Breakspear, M., Wright, A., Roberts, G., Lau, P., et al. (2014) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12147 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Panksepp, J., & Yovell, Y. (2014) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000366208 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationPreter, M., Lee, S., Petkova, E., Vannucci, M., Kim, S., & Klein, D. F. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000838 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Feeling Hurt: Revisiting the Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain
Ferris, L. J., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Bastian, B. B. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268019857936 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Social bonds and the nature of empathy
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Perspectives on the complex links between depression and dementia
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- Authors
- Panksepp, J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Panksepp, Jaak
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2003-10-10
- Volume
- 302
- Issue
- 5643
- Pages
- 237-239
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1628671034
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 19.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- social exclusion, social pain, bodily pain, neural overlap, emotional loss, brain activation, rejection, grief, mammalian brain, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Emotions, Endorphins, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Narcotics, Pain, Rejection, Psychology, Social Isolation, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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