Opioid system and human emotions
Open accessAbstract
Emotions are states of vigilant readiness that guide human and animal behaviour during survival-salient situations. Categorical models of emotions posit neurally and physiologically distinct basic human emotions (anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise) that govern different survival functions. Opioid receptors are expressed abundantly in the mammalian emotion circuit, and the opioid system modulates a variety of functions related to arousal and motivation. Yet, its specific contribution to different basic emotions has remained poorly understood. Here, we review how the endogenous opioid system and particularly the μ receptor contribute to emotional processing in humans. Activation of the endogenous opioid system is consistently associated with both pleasant and unpleasant emotions. In general, exogenous opioid agonists facilitate approach-oriented emotions (anger, pleasure) and inhibit avoidance-oriented emotions (fear, sadness). Opioids also modulate social bonding and affiliative behaviour, and prolonged opioid abuse may render both social bonding and emotion recognition circuits dysfunctional. However, there is no clear evidence that the opioid system is able to affect the emotions associated with surprise and disgust. Taken together, the opioid systems contribute to a wide array of positive and negative emotions through their general ability to modulate the approach versus avoidance motivation associated with specific emotions. Because of the protective effects of opioid system-mediated prosociality and positive mood, the opioid system may constitute an important factor contributing to psychological and psychosomatic resilience. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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A competing neurobiological hypothesis highlights the role of the opioid system in human affiliation and social bonding.
“A competing neurobiological hypothesis highlights the role of the opioid system in human affiliation and social bonding (162).”
From A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia (2019) · cites this paper as [162]
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- Authors
- Nummenmaa, L., & Tuominen, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nummenmaa, Lauri
- Venue
- British Journal of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-05-24
- Volume
- 175
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2737-2749
- ISSN
- 0007-1188 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5381
- PMC
- PMC6016642
- OpenAlex
- W2606868341
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- British Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland (265917)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- opioid system, endogenous opioids, mu-opioid receptor, basic emotions, social bonding, affiliative behavior, emotion recognition, opioid abuse, positive mood, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Opioid, Animals, Depression, Emotions, Humans
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