The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat
Open accessAbstract
A soft, skin-mounted microfluidic device captures microliter volumes of sweat and quantitatively measures biochemical markers by colorimetric analysis.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A soft, skin-mounted microfluidic device captures sweat through microchannels and reservoirs and colorimetrically quantifies sweat rate, total loss, pH, chloride, lactate, and glucose, with optional NFC smartphone readout. Human testing during controlled cycling and a 104-km outdoor bicycle race demonstrated feasibility, though the colorimetric chemistry limits real-time and time-dependent marker tracking.
Key findings
- The device retained ~50 μL of sweat, corresponding to 1 to 6 hours of exercise depending on sweat loss and mounting location; sweat rates were 12 to 120 μL/hour per cm².
- In 9 subjects during controlled cycling at 38°C and 50% relative humidity, lower-back sweat rates were typically ~2.3-fold greater than volar forearm rates; large-harvesting-area devices agreed with absorbent pads, and colorimetric chloride, lactate, and pH results agreed with laboratory analysis.
- In 12 cyclists during the 104-km El Tour de Tucson, devices collected sweat without detachment, leakage, or reported discomfort; older subjects (50–69 years) had greater sweating rates than younger subjects (10–29 years), and males had greater rates than females.
- Colorimetric assays covered pH 5.0–7.0, lactate 1.5–100 mM, and glucose with an LOD of ~200 μM; image analysis could resolve 0.5 pH units and 0.2, 0.3, and 0.1 mM changes in chloride, lactate, and glucose, respectively, corresponding to a 1% change in the R channel.
Methods
- Soft lithography fabricated multilayer PDMS microfluidic devices with a skin adhesive layer, colorimetric reagent reservoirs, serpentine sweat-volume channel, and optional NFC electronics; in vitro testing used an artificial sweat-pore system with a syringe pump.
- Indoor human study: 9 healthy subjects exercised on cycle ergometers under controlled 38°C and 50% relative humidity, with devices on the lower back and volar forearm and two harvesting areas; results were compared with absorbent pads and laboratory chemical analysis.
- Outdoor human study: 12 healthy volunteers wore devices on the lower back and volar forearm during a 104-km bicycle race; sweat images were captured by smartphone and digital single-lens reflex cameras, and Pearson/Spearman correlation analyses were performed using SAS and JMP.
Limitations
- Stated: the colorimetric schemes do not afford real-time tracking of changes in analyte concentration, and the current channel/reservoir designs cannot easily provide time-dependent marker concentration information.
- Stated: limitations are primarily in the range of chemical reagents available for accurate colorimetric analysis at relevant concentrations; further field studies are needed to demonstrate accuracy in realistic, demanding scenarios.
- Stated and evident: the small sample size only partially demonstrated correlations across individual subjects, and glucose in healthy subjects fell below the LOD for both image and laboratory analysis; small harvesting areas yielded somewhat higher inferred sweat rates, perhaps due to altered perspiration behavior caused by the device’s physical presence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conformal contact of the adhesive layer inhibited lateral flow of sweat from regions located outside the defined openings, ensuring fluid issuing from the harvesting area dominated the sweat sample (fig. S3).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantitative colorimetric assay reagents in the reservoirs enabled assessment of pH and the concentration of selected essential markers, including glucose, lactate, and chloride, through either enzymatic or chromogenic reactions.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“This adhesive exhibited about 5 times greater adhesion force than typical medical adhesives such as Tegaderm (1.02 N) (33).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Klode J Schöttler L Stoffels I Körber A Schadendorf D Dissemond J Investigation of adhesion of modern wound dressings: a comparative analysis of 56 different wound dressings Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 25 933 939 2011 21062365 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A medical-grade acrylic adhesive film ensured stable, strong and seamless adhesion (~5.7 N) of the device to the skin without irritation in a manner that offered compatibility with skin, even at regions of substantial hair coverage or in the presence of sweat (fig. S2).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The maximum normal and shear stresses at the device/phantom skin interface were far below the threshold for somatosensory perception of forces (20 kPa) during ~30% stretch of the skin (fig. S4) (37).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Lee CH Ma Y Jang KI Banks A Pan T Feng X Kim JS Kang D Raj MS McGrane BL Morey B Wang X Ghaffari R Huang Y Rogers JA Soft core/shell packages for stretchable electronics Adv Funct Mater 25 3698 3704 2015 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finite element analysis (FEA) results of strain/stress distributions and corresponding optical images in Fig. 1E show deformation of a representative device under various mechanical distortions of an underlying phantom skin sample as a support (a PDMS substrate exhibiting similar mechanical properties to skin).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integrated electronics allow wireless interfaces to external computing and digital analysis systems using common platforms such as the smartphone.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“FEA results demonstrated that the maximum strain in the copper layer was below the elastic limit (0.3%) under all loading conditions (fig. S5) (39).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Kim J Banks A Cheng HY Xie ZQ Xu S Jang KI Lee JW Liu ZJ Gutruf P Huang X Wei PH Liu F Li K Dalal M Ghaffari R Feng X Huang YG Gupta S Paik U Rogers JA Epidermal electronics with advanced capabilities in near-field communication Small 11 906 912 2015 25367846 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall designs allowed these stretchable electronic systems to operate under physical deformation without significantly altering the mechanical properties of the soft microfluidic structures or the overall device.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Modeling yielded predictions for percentage changes in the volume of the serpentine channel associated with externally applied pressures between 100 and 400 Pa (Fig. 2C) comparable to those that might be associated with a gentle touch by a fingertip (41).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Optimizing the design of the epidermal microfluidic device
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Pang C Lee GY Kim TI Kim SM Kim HN Ahn SH Suh KY A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres Nature Mater 11 795 801 2012 22842511 source
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“The soft, epidermal microfluidic device technology introduced here adheres and conforms to the skin in a manner that captures and routes sweat through a network of microchannels and reservoirs—using a combination of capillarity and action of the natural pressure (~70 kPa) associated with perspiration—for volumetric assessment and chemical analysis in situ (13).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Sonner Z Wilder E Heikenfeld J Kasting G Beyette F Swaile D Sherman F Joyce J Hagen J Kelley-Loughnane N Naik R The microfluidics of the eccrine sweat gland, including biomarker partitioning, transport, and biosensing implications Biomicrofluidics 9 031301 2015 26045728 PMC4433483 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The pressure that drives fluid flow through the device arises from the action of the sweat glands themselves, assisted by capillary effects in the microchannels and the materials embedded within them.
In the paper
“The specific designs described can retain ~50 μL of sweat corresponding to an effective working time of 1 to 6 hours of exercise, depending on the rate of sweat loss and the mounting location on the body (12 to 120 μL/hour per cm2) (32).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Sato K Sato F Individual variations in structure and function of human eccrine sweat gland Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 245 R203 R208 1983 6881378 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the colorimetric schemes embedded in the current devices did not afford real-time tracking of changes in analyte concentration.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A water-responsive chromogenic reagent in the serpentine channel allowed determination of the extent of filling with sweat, which could be converted to overall sweat rate and volume.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These elastomeric microfluidic devices exhibited an effective modulus of ~0.16 MPa, comparable to human skin and previously reported epidermal devices (37, 38).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Lee CH Ma Y Jang KI Banks A Pan T Feng X Kim JS Kang D Raj MS McGrane BL Morey B Wang X Ghaffari R Huang Y Rogers JA Soft core/shell packages for stretchable electronics Adv Funct Mater 25 3698 3704 2015 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Liang X Boppart S Biomechanical properties of in vivo human skin from dynamic optical coherence elastography IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 57 953 959 2010 19822464 PMC3699319 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The water vapor loss showed little dependence on the length of the outlet channel, whereas backpressure was linearly proportional to this length according to calculations for a model system (fig. S8 and Fig. 2B).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Optimizing the design of the epidermal microfluidic device
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our technology capitalized on NFC schemes to launch image capture and analysis software on such an external device and/or to read temperature from an integrated sensor (movies S1 and S2).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our calculations further indicated that the vapor loss with 100-μm-wide channels was ~3.2-fold lower than with 800-μm-wide channels, while 25-μm-wide channels differed by only ~1.1-fold from 100-μm-wide channels (Fig. 2B).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Optimizing the design of the epidermal microfluidic device
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A device (0.07 cm2 of harvesting surface area) laminated on the perforated membrane captured dyed water pumped at 5.5 μl/hour (Fig. 2G), demonstrating the first step in quantitative analysis of liquid uptake (movie S3).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experiments revealed negligible loss of water vapor and no fluid leakage under these conditions.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reservoirs fill within ~0.3 to 3.2 hours at these sweating rates, with times that scale linearly with reservoir volume.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For widths under 100 μm, the backpressure notably increased and bending deformation of the device was obstructed, with negligible effects on vapor loss.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Optimizing the design of the epidermal microfluidic device
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For a device layout with harvesting area (~10 mm2), the human studies presented subsequently showed volumetric sweat harvesting rates of ~1.2 to 12 μl/hour, corresponding to linear filling rates of ~0.07 to 0.7 mm/min along the serpentine channels.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in movie S3, the experimentally determined harvested liquid volume in the channel is consistent with the input volume introduced by the syringe pump and with linear hydrodynamic flow in the microfluidic channel.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The volume change increased with the aspect ratio (AR; width to height). For example, the volume change for AR 5 (width, 1.5 mm; height, 300 μm) was about fivefold greater than that for AR 3.3 (width, 1.0 mm; height, 300 μm).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Optimizing the design of the epidermal microfluidic device
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sweat could, however, continue to travel slowly through the channel by spontaneous internal flow (0.68 μl/hour), with the possibility of a ~2% reading error (fig. S11, E and F).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This artifact does not occur in channels without the hydrogel; its effect could be eliminated, for practical purposes, by patterning the hydrogel into short segments (fig. S12).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The colorimetric sensing approach allowed simple, rapid quantitative assessment of instantaneous rate and total volume of sweat loss, the pH, as well as the concentration of chloride, lactate, and glucose in the sweat (Fig. 3A).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose concentration could also be analyzed by an enzymatic reaction (Fig. 3D).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recording color changes and converting them into quantitative information were accomplished by digital image capture and analysis.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > NFC interface to a smartphone and image processing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The previously reported ultrathin NFC electronics (39) integrated on the top of the microfluidic device enabled wireless communication to external devices, with stable operation and a soft, biocompatible set of mechanical properties, even under a 30% strain condition (39).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > NFC interface to a smartphone and image processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Kim J Banks A Cheng HY Xie ZQ Xu S Jang KI Lee JW Liu ZJ Gutruf P Huang X Wei PH Liu F Li K Dalal M Ghaffari R Feng X Huang YG Gupta S Paik U Rogers JA Epidermal electronics with advanced capabilities in near-field communication Small 11 906 912 2015 25367846 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the presence of chloride ions, iron ions (Fe2+) bind with TPTZ, whereas Hg2+ participates as HgCl2, thereby inducing a change in color from transparent to blue as shown in Fig. 3G.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The NFC electronics facilitated image capture, and built-in sensors provided wireless, digital data on skin temperature (fig. S15 and movie S2).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > NFC interface to a smartphone and image processing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The calibration curve in Fig. 4C captures the pseudo-linearities associated with the serpentine shape of the channel.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > NFC interface to a smartphone and image processing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could reliably measure changes of 0.5 pH units and 0.2, 0.3, and 0.1 mM of chloride, lactate, and glucose concentrations, respectively, corresponding to a 1% change in the R channel of the RGB images.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > NFC interface to a smartphone and image processing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the rates exhibited great variation among individual subjects, those measured on the lower back were typically ~2.3-fold greater than on the volar forearm, consistent with expectations from studies using conventional techniques (54).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Human testing of the skin-mounted sweat sensor
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Smith CJ Havenith G Body mapping of sweating patterns in male athletes in mild exercise-induced hyperthermia Eur J Appl Physiol 111 1391 1404 2011 21153660 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all cases, the devices performed as anticipated, successfully collecting sweat with regional colorimetric change without patch detachment, even with substantial changes in temperature and humidity.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Human testing of the skin-mounted sweat sensor
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Older subjects (ages 50 to 69 years) had greater rates of sweating in comparison to that of younger subjects (ages 10 to 29 years), and male subjects exhibited greater rates of sweating than females (Fig. 6E).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Human testing of the skin-mounted sweat sensor
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reported embodiments can detect sweat volume and rate, as well as several key markers including glucose, creatinine, lactate, chloride, and pH.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the devices accurately captured the volume and rate information continuously, without the need for removal.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Human testing of the skin-mounted sweat sensor
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specially formulated variants of PDMS offer physical characteristics that are attractive for this application, including optical transparency, ease of patterning into microfluidic systems, biocompatibility, and favorable mechanics (low modulus, ~145 kPa; high elasticity, up to ~200% strain at break) (35).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Lee JN Park C Whitesides GM Solvent compatibility of poly (dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic devices Anal Chem 75 6544 6554 2003 14640726 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reference marks on the top of the device platform (Fig. 1B) included a white dot and black crosses for color balancing to allow accurate color extraction under arbitrary lighting condition (fig. S6).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The crosses also helped determine the position and orientation from the images (fig. S7).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Soft epidermal microfluidic device for sweat monitoring
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decreasing the cross-sectional area of the channel increases the filling rate proportionally.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding device design, three factors determine the resolution in determination of sweat rate: (i) the rate of fluid flow into the reservoirs and the serpentine channel, (ii) the harvesting area, and (iii) the time and spatial resolution of the camera system and image analysis software.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The concentration of chloride ions serves as a marker of cystic fibrosis and altered electrolyte levels correspond to a sodium ion imbalance (17).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Microfluidic sweat capture and quantitative colorimetric analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Jadoon S Karim S Akram MR Kalsoom Khan A Zia MA Siddiqi AR Murtaza G Recent developments in sweat analysis and its applications 2015 2015 7 PMC4369929 25838824 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, a white dot in the middle of the device and four black crosses distributed near the center established values for 100% and 0% in %RGB coordinates, respectively (Fig. 4B).”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > NFC interface to a smartphone and image processing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The angle of the filling front (the leading edge of the color change) in the serpentine channel defined the volume of sweat collected, thereby allowing calculation of total sweat loss and, with the time interval, total sweat rate.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > NFC interface to a smartphone and image processing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to previously described technologies for sweat analysis consisting of porous materials and fabrics or hydrogels as fluidic interfaces, our systems are unique in their use of fully integrated, soft microfluidics consisting of a network of functionalized channels and reservoirs for sweat capture, routing, and storage with spatially separated regions for analysis.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The limitations of the current devices are primarily in the range of chemical reagents that are available for accurate colorimetric analysis of markers at relevant ranges of concentration.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between variations in marker analysis across individual subjects was only partially demonstrated because of the small sample size.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > RESULTS > Human testing of the skin-mounted sweat sensor
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the microfluidic channel/reservoir designs reported here cannot be easily designed to provide information on time-dependent changes in marker concentration detection.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experimental conditions, including temperature, humidity, time course of application of device, and weight of absorbing Webril pads for sweat collection were all controlled and documented.”
§ A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat > Materials and Methods > Study design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The pressure that drives fluid flow through the device arises from the action of the sweat glands themselves, assisted by capillary effects in the microchannels and the materials embedded within them.
“The pressure that drives fluid flow arises from the action of the sweat glands themselves, assisted by capillary effects in the microchannels and the materials embedded within them.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sweat pH is an index of hydration state.
“In sweat, pH is often considered an index of hydration state.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Glucose concentration in sweat is typically one order of magnitude lower than in plasma.
“We note that glucose concentration in sweat is typically one order of magnitude lower than in plasma;”
The paper relies on this without support.
The conventional absorbing pad and laboratory analysis methods provide accurate reference measurements of sweat rate and marker concentrations.
“We compared the performance of the device in situ to conventional procedures that use absorbing pads applied onto the skin with subsequent weighing and laboratory-based analyses, such as spectrophotometry.”
“Concentrations of the markers chloride, glucose, lactate, and pH obtained by the colorimetric readouts demonstrated excellent agreement with conventional laboratory analysis of sweat collected from absorbing pads as shown in Fig. 5F.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sweat marker concentrations are indicative of health and disease status.
“The epidermal microfluidic devices introduced here represent versatile platforms for evaluating athletic performance and monitoring health and disease status.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The physical presence of the device does not significantly alter local sweat rate or composition when large harvesting areas are used.
“Devices with small harvesting areas yielded somewhat higher inferred rates than those with larger harvesting areas, perhaps due to alternations in perspiration behavior caused by the physical presence of the device (Fig. 5E) (55).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The constituent materials of the device are biocompatible and safe for prolonged skin contact.
“The soft mechanical properties, biocompatible constituent materials, digitally analyzable colorimetric responses, and overall careful optimization of structural, evaporative and fluidic properties are integral to the effectiveness of these devices and differentiate them from other sweat analysis technologies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tested populations (nine indoor subjects and 12 outdoor cyclists) are representative of the broader populations for whom the device is intended.
“The epidermal microfluidic devices introduced here represent versatile platforms for evaluating athletic performance and monitoring health and disease status.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The device proved to be efficacious when tested on humans during cycling.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“These devices have potential applications for measuring heat stress, dehydration and metabolism in athletes, soldiers, firefighters, and industrial laborers who exercise or work in hot environments.”
From A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations (2018) · cites this paper as Koh et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Stated sample volume exceeds each reservoir's geometric capacity
MinorA circular chamber 4 mm in diameter and 300 μm deep has a geometric volume of about 3.8 μL, before accounting for the paper inside it. That is less than the stated 5 to 10 μL of sweat needed to fill each reservoir's cellulose matrix.
“The microfluidic system consisted of a bottom polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer (thickness, 500 μm) embossed with appropriate relief geometry (uniform depth, 300 μm) and filled with reagents for colorimetric analysis (Fig. 1, A and B). A top-capping layer of PDMS served as a seal (thickness, 200 μm). Our particular layout included four circular chambers (diameter, 4 mm)”
“The cellulose matrices in each reservoir could be filled with as little as 5 to 10 μl of sweat sample.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Koh, A., Kang, D., Xue, Y., Lee, S., Pielak, R. M., Kim, J., Hwang, T., Min, S., Banks, A., Bastien, P., Manco, M. C., Wang, L., Ammann, K. R., Jang, K.-I., Won, P., Han, S., Ghaffari, R., Paik, U., Slepian, M. J., Balooch, G., Huang, Y., & Rogers, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- L’Oréal Technology Incubator, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
- L'Oréal (France) (FR)
- L’Oréal Early Clinical, Clark, NJ 07066, USA.
- University of Arizona (US)
- MC10 (United States) (US)
- Hanyang University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Koh, Ahyeon
- Kang, Daeshik
- Rogers, John A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2016-11-23
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 366
- Pages
- 366ra165-366ra165
- ISSN
- 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-6242
- PMC
- PMC5429097
- OpenAlex
- W2552540631
- Semantic Scholar
- 84a9944cb082f216174ed23bb7d69071b54fd62b
- Cited by
- 1,308
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 50.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- KAIST Institutional Repository (KAIST) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Global Research Laboratory Program (K20704000003TA050000310)
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- NIH (R01EB019337)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Keywords
- sweat analysis, colorimetric sensing, sweat collection, stretchable electronics, wireless communication, chloride determination, lactate measurement, sweat pH, glucose, sweat rate, health monitoring, cycling, sweat loss
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Wearable Electronic Devices, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Chlorides, Colorimetry, Equipment Design, Female, Glucose, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Sweat, User-Computer Interface, Biosensing Techniques, Lactic Acid, Microfluidics, Young Adult, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
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