A Prospective Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Impact of Exercise and/or Whey Protein Supplementation on the Gut Microbiome of Sedentary Adults
Open accessAbstract
The gut microbiota of humans is a critical component of functional development and subsequent health. It is important to understand the lifestyle and dietary factors that affect the gut microbiome and what impact these factors may have. Animal studies suggest that exercise can directly affect the gut microbiota, and elite athletes demonstrate unique beneficial and diverse gut microbiome characteristics. These characteristics are associated with levels of protein consumption and levels of physical activity. The results of this study show that increasing the fitness levels of physically inactive humans leads to modest but detectable changes in gut microbiota characteristics. For the first time, we show that regular whey protein intake leads to significant alterations to the composition of the gut virome.
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A combined aerobic and resistance training exercise regime led to modest alterations in the composition and activity of the gut microbiota of sedentary individuals.
“A combined aerobic and resistance training exercise regime led to modest alterations in the composition and activity of the gut microbiota of the sedentary individuals.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Cronin et al., 2018
Combined eight-weeks aerobic and resistance exercise induced modest shifts in gut metagenomes despite no changes in the diversity of taxa or metabolic pathways.
“Another study reported that combined eight-weeks aerobic and resistance exercise induced modest shifts in gut metagenomes despite no changes in the diversity of taxa or metabolic pathways (Cronin et al., 2018).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Cronin et al., 2018
After eight weeks of non-guided, combined aerobic and resistance exercise, Cronin et al. failed to detect significant changes in the gut microbiota composition or functions.
“In contrast to our study, after eight-weeks of non-guided, combined aerobic and resistance exercise, Cronin et al. failed to detect significant changes in the gut microbiota composition or functions.”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Cronin et al., 2018
The real effect of reduced protein intake can be questioned.
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018) and therefore the real effect of reduced protein intake can be questioned.”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Cronin et al., 2018
Contradictory findings from human exercise interventions have been recently presented.
“But interestingly, contradictory findings from the human exercise interventions have been recently presented (Allen et al., 2017; Cronin et al., 2018).”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Cronin et al., 2018
A prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome.
“Nevertheless, a prolonged protein supplementation did not affect the gut microbiome (Cronin et al., 2018)”
From Six-Week Endurance Exercise Alters Gut Metagenome That Is not Reflected in Systemic Metabolism in Over-weight Women (2018) · cites this paper as Cronin et al., 2018
Exercise was associated with reduced levels of phenylacetylglycine and trimethylamine N-oxide in urine.
“Interestingly, exercise was associated with reduced levels of phenylacetylglycine and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in urine.”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [114]
Eight weeks of mixed aerobic and resistance exercise training improved cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition but did not produce significant changes in the fecal microbiome or metabolites.
“In the second study, 8 weeks of mixed aerobic and resistance exercise training improved cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition, but did not produce significant changes in the fecal microbiome114 or metabolites.”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [114]
Individuals in the whey protein supplementation-only group experienced a significant increase in the beta diversity of the gut virome.
“Individuals in the whey protein supplementation-only group experienced a significant increase in the beta diversity of the gut virome.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [199]
All bacteriophages increased in the groups receiving whey protein were present in high relative abundance within the whey protein supplement.
“all bacteriophages (bacteria-targeting viruses) increased in the groups receiving whey protein were present in high relative abundance within the whey protein supplement.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [199]
The change in beta diversity was mirrored in the combined exercise and protein supplementation group, suggesting a robust positive effect of whey protein on the taxonomic richness of the gut virome.
“this change was mirrored in the combined exercise and protein supplementation group, suggesting a robust positive effect of whey protein on the taxonomic richness of the gut virome.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [199]
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BackgroundInterplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance
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Exercise Induces Tissue-Specific Adaptations to Enhance Cardiometabolic Health
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A Review of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Personalized Sports Nutrition
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Distinct microbiome composition and metabolome exists across subgroups of elite Irish athletes
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Self-citationToward an improved definition of a healthy microbiome for healthy aging
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Self-citationMutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota
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Intestinal Microbiota: A Novel Target to Improve Anti-Tumor Treatment?
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Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative
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Metabolomics in Exercise and Sports: A Systematic Review
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Impact of Different Exercise Modalities on the Human Gut Microbiome
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Self-citationThe Potential Impact of Probiotics on the Gut Microbiome of Athletes
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Self-citationImpact of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Obesity
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Exercise and physical activity in cirrhosis: opportunities or perils
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Gut Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites and Human Physical Performance
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Humińska‐Lisowska, K., Zielińska, K., Mieszkowski, J., Michałowska‐Sawczyn, M., Cięszczyk, P., Łabaj, P. P., Wasąg, B., Frączek, B., Grzywacz, A., Kochanowicz, A., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297858 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effect of exercise on depression and gut microbiota: Possible mechanisms
Yao, M., Qu, Y., Zheng, Y., & Guo, H. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111130 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Progress and prospects of the healthy human gut virome
Stockdale, S. R., & Hill, C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Characterization of goat whey proteins and their bioactivity and toxicity assay
Campos, M. I. F., Barbosa, P. P. D. S., de Camargo, L. J., Pinto, L. D. S., Mataribu, B., Serrão, C., Marques‐Santos, L. F., Lopes, J. H., de Oliveira, J. M. C., Gadelha, C. A. D. A., et al. (2022) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101591 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Grosicki, G. J., Pugh, J. N., Wosinska, L., Quilter, K., Mattimoe, D., Allen, J. M., Joyce, S. A., O’Sullivan, Ó., & Close, G. L. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cronin, O., Barton, W., Skuse, P., Penney, N. C., Garcia-Perez, I., Murphy, E. F., Woods, T., Nugent, H., Fanning, A., Melgar, S., Falvey, E. C., Holmes, E., Cotter, P. D., O’Sullivan, O., Molloy, M. G., & Shanahan, F.
- Affiliations
- National University of Ireland (IE)
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Alimentary Health (Ireland) (IE)
- Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Corresponding author
- Cronin, Owen
- ORCID
- Venue
- mSystems
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2018-06-26
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 2379-5077 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5915698
- OpenAlex
- W2802946611
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 7.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- mSystems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- T-Stór (Teagasc) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Irish Centre for Arthritis Research and Education (N/A)
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI/12/RC/2273, SFI/11/PI/1137, SFI/13/SIRG/2160)
- Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation (Sutherland-Earl Clinical Research Fellowship 2015)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, physical activity, whey protein supplementation, gut virome, sedentary adults, physical inactivity, microbiota composition, metabolomics
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