Gut Microbiota Composition in Male Rat Models under Different Nutritional Status and Physical Activity and Its Association with Serum Leptin and Ghrelin Levels
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BACKGROUND: Several evidences indicate that gut microbiota is involved in the control of host energy metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota in rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and to identify their associations with serum leptin and ghrelin levels. METHODS: In a case control study, forty male rats were randomly assigned to one of these four experimental groups: ABA group with food restriction and free access to exercise; control ABA group with food restriction and no access to exercise; exercise group with free access to exercise and feed ad libitum and ad libitum group without access to exercise and feed ad libitum. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time qPCR. RESULTS: In restricted eaters, we have found a significant increase in the number of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Prevotella and M. smithii and a significant decrease in the quantities of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, B. coccoides-E. rectale group, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with respect to unrestricted eaters. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and B. coccoides-E. rectale group was observed in exercise group with respect to the rest of groups. We also found a significant positive correlation between the quantity of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and serum leptin levels, and a significant and negative correlation among the number of Clostridium, Bacteroides and Prevotella and serum leptin levels in all experimental groups. Furthermore, serum ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with the quantity of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and B. coccoides-Eubacterium rectale group and positively correlated with the number of Bacteroides and Prevotella. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional status and physical activity alter gut microbiota composition affecting the diversity and similarity. This study highlights the associations between gut microbiota and appetite-regulating hormones that may be important in terms of satiety and host metabolism.
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Proposed mechanisms for pesticide pathology include a combination of inflammatory dysregulation and metabolic alterations, such as insulin resistance and ghrelin-dysregulation that produces neurodegeneration.
“Proposed mechanisms for this pathology include a combination of inflammatory dysregulation and metabolic alterations, such as insulin resistance and ghrelin-dysregulation that produces neurodegeneration [195, 196].”
From The gut–brain axis in early Parkinson’s disease: from prodrome to prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [196]
The Introduction (page unavailable) discusses ghrelin, metabolism, and eating disorders, not pesticide pathology. Searches for pesticide exposure, inflammatory dysregulation, insulin resistance, and neurodegeneration found no passage linking these to the proposed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLeptin and ghrelin can be sensed by gut bacteria and finely tune the gut microbiota composition in rodents.
“A number of these hormones can be sensed by the gut bacteria, as in the case of leptin and ghrelin, which, in turn, finely tune the gut microbiota composition in rodents [29,30].”
From Gut Microbiota and Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Exercise appears to be able to enrich microbiota diversity.
“Exercise appears to be able to enrich microbiota diversity [20–25]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
SCFA butyrate, as well as physical exercise, reduce serum ghrelin levels through involvement of FFA3 receptor.
“Moreover, the SCFA butyrate, as well as physical exercise, reduce serum ghrelin levels through involvement of FFA3 receptor [105, 318].”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [318]
Serum ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with abundance of certain gut bacteria, including commensal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains.
“Interestingly, serum ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with the abundance of certain gut bacteria, including the commensal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains [318].”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [318]
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Gutted! Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Major Depressive Disorder
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- Authors
- Queipo-Ortuño, M. I., Seoane, L. M., Murri, M., Pardo, M., Gomez-Zumaquero, J. M., Cardona, F., Casanueva, F., & Tinahones, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud (ES)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-05-28
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e65465
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3665787
- OpenAlex
- W2045833477
- Cited by
- 497
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 8.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RUNA. Repositorio Institucional del Sergas (Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PI12/, CB06/03)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03, CB06/03/0018)
- Servicio Andaluz de Salud (CB06/03/0018)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/03/0018, CB06/03, PI12/02355)
- Servicio Gallego de Salud
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota composition, dietary restriction, physical activity, leptin, ghrelin, appetite-regulating hormones, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Clostridium, Firmicutes, energy metabolism, satiety, male rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anorexia, Appetite, Bacteria, Body Weight, Diet, Feces, Feeding Behavior, Male, Nutritional Status, Phylogeny, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Leptin, Models, Animal, Gastrointestinal Tract, Rats, Ghrelin, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiota
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