Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of intestinal microbial diversity and distinct metagenomic functions
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Reduced microbial diversity in human intestines has been implicated in various conditions such as diabetes, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. The role of physical fitness in the context of human intestinal microbiota is currently not known. We used high-throughput sequencing to analyze fecal microbiota of 39 healthy participants with similar age, BMI, and diets but with varying cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Fecal short-chain fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography. RESULTS: We showed that peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), the gold standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness, can account for more than 20 % of the variation in taxonomic richness, after accounting for all other factors, including diet. While VO2peak did not explain variation in beta diversity, it did play a significant role in explaining variation in the microbiomes' predicted metagenomic functions, aligning positively with genes related to bacterial chemotaxis, motility, and fatty acid biosynthesis. These predicted functions were supported by measured increases in production of fecal butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid associated with improved gut health, amongst physically fit participants. We also identified increased abundances of key butyrate-producing taxa (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) amongst these individuals, which likely contributed to the observed increases in butyrate levels. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study show that cardiorespiratory fitness is correlated with increased microbial diversity in healthy humans and that the associated changes are anchored around a set of functional cores rather than specific taxa. The microbial profiles of fit individuals favor the production of butyrate. As increased microbiota diversity and butyrate production is associated with overall host health, our findings warrant the use of exercise prescription as an adjuvant therapy in combating dysbiosis-associated diseases.
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Observational studies indicate that exercise changes gut microbiome composition in mice and humans.
“Observational studies show exercise alters gut microbiome composition in mice14 and humans15–18.”
From Exercise-induced microbiota metabolite enhances CD8 T cell antitumor immunity promoting immunotherapy efficacy (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with higher fecal butyrate levels and increased abundances of butyrate-producing taxa including Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae.
“Cardiorespiratory fitness has also been associated with higher fecal levels of butyrate and increased abundances of butyrate-producing taxa, including Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae.111”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [111]
Exercise appears to be able to enrich microbiota diversity.
“Exercise appears to be able to enrich microbiota diversity [20–25]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
Protein intake appears to be a strong modulator of the microbiota.
“Protein intake appears to be a strong modulator of the microbiota [20, 32, 34]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
The gut microbiota, with its ability to harvest energy, modulate the immune system, and influence gastrointestinal and brain health, likely plays a significant role in athlete health, wellbeing, and sports performance.
“In addition, the gut microbiota with its ability to harvest energy, modulate the immune system, and influence gastrointestinal health, likely plays an important role in athlete health, wellbeing, and sports performance.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
A core set of gene-related functions rather than a core set of bacterial taxa was identified in individuals with high levels of fitness.
“Also identified was a core set of gene related functions rather than a core set of bacterial taxa in individuals with high levels of fitness [14].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
VO2peak was inversely correlated with LPS biosynthesis and LPS biosynthesis proteins, which were elevated among less fit participants.
“VO2peak was inversely correlated with LPS biosynthesis and LPS biosynthesis proteins which were elevated among less fit participants.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Enhanced bacterial diversity was correlated positively with certain microbial metabolic functions including chemotaxis, motility, and fatty acid biosynthesis.
“Additionally, enhanced bacterial diversity was correlated positively with certain microbial metabolic functions including chemotaxis, motility, and fatty acid biosynthesis.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
~20% of the variation in gut bacterial alpha diversity could be explained by VO2peak alone, and VO2peak was the only variable that contributed significantly to increased alpha diversity.
“Further, ~ 20% of the variation in gut bacterial alpha diversity could be explained by VO2peak alone; in fact, VO2peak stood as the only variable that contributed significantly to increased alpha diversity.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Increases in fecal butyrate were observed when relative abundances of Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were increased.
“Increases in fecal butyrate were observed when relative abundances of Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were increased [14].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Functional categories most strongly correlated with VO2peak were related to bacterial motility, sporulation, and to a lesser extent the two-component system.
“Functional categories most strongly correlated with VO2peak were related to bacterial motility (bacterial motility proteins, flagella assembly, and bacterial chemotaxis), sporulation, and to a lesser extent the two-component system known to enable bacterial communities to sense and respond to environmental factors [14].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In healthy individuals, higher cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak or VO2max) correlated with increases in both microbial diversity and fecal butyrate.
“In healthy individuals, Estaki et al. [14] reported higher cardiorespiratory fitness (as measured by peak or maximum oxygen uptake, VO2peak or VO2max) correlated with increases in both microbial diversity and fecal butyrate (see Table 2).”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
A strong association was evident between protein intake and Bacteroides, and in particular Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, in explaining community diversity.
“A strong association was evident between protein intake and Bacteroides and, in particular, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, two of the most abundant families in human gut environments [188], in explaining community diversity.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Correlations between microbial diversity and cardiorespiratory fitness in concert with exercise training mediated rescue of high-fat diet-induced microbial disturbance support the idea that exercise training may impart beneficial effects on gut health.
“correlations between microbial diversity and cardiorespiratory fitness [102] in concert with the exercise training mediated rescue of high-fat diet-induced microbial disturbance [103] support the idea that exercise training may impart beneficial effects on gut health.”
From Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
Regular physical activity may help to combat reductions in butyrate-producing microbiota (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) and Lactobacillus levels that are commonly seen with aging.
“regular physical activity may help to combat reductions in butyrate-producing microbiota (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) [102] and Lactobacillus levels [103] that are commonly seen with aging [15, 84, 98].”
From Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis (2018) · cites this paper as [102]
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- Authors
- Estaki, M., Pither, J., Baumeister, P., Little, J. P., Gill, S. K., Ghosh, S., Ahmadi-Vand, Z., Marsden, K. R., & Gibson, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Gibson, Deanna L.
- Venue
- Microbiome
- Published
- 2016-08-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-42
- ISSN
- 2049-2618 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4976518
- OpenAlex
- W2495055679
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22
- FWCI
- 15.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Microbiome (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research
- Dairy Farmers of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, gut microbiota, gut microbiota diversity, peak oxygen uptake, butyrate production, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate-producing bacteria, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiales, Erysipelotrichaceae, dysbiosis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adult, Bacteria, Base Sequence, Butyrates, Chromatography, Gas, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Intestines, Male, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Exercise, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Metagenome, Young Adult, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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