Circadian photoreception: ageing and the eye's important role in systemic health
Open accessAbstract
AIM: To analyse how age-related losses in crystalline lens transmittance and pupillary area affect circadian photoreception and compare the circadian performance of phakic and pseudophakic individuals of the same age. METHODS: The spectral sensitivity of circadian photoreception peaks in the blue part of the spectrum at approximately 460 nm. Photosensitive retinal ganglion cells send unconscious information about environmental illumination to non-visual brain centres including the human body's master biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. This information permits human physiology to be optimised and aligned with geophysical day-night cycles using neural and hormonal messengers including melatonin. Age-related transmittance spectra of crystalline lenses and photopic pupil diameter are used with the spectral sensitivity of melatonin suppression and the transmittance spectra of intraocular lenses (IOLs) to analyse how ageing and IOL chromophores affect circadian photoreception. RESULTS: Ageing increases crystalline lens light absorption and decreases pupil area resulting in progressive loss of circadian photoreception. A 10-year-old child has circadian photoreception 10-fold greater than a 95-year-old phakic adult. A 45-year-old adult retains only half the circadian photoreception of early youth. Pseudophakia improves circadian photoreception at all ages, particularly with UV-only blocking IOLs which transmit blue wavelengths optimal for non-visual photoreception. CONCLUSIONS: Non-visual retinal ganglion photoreceptor responses to bright, properly timed light exposures help assure effective circadian photoentrainment and optimal diurnal physiological processes. Circadian photoreception can persist in visually blind individuals if retinal ganglion cell photoreceptors and their suprachiasmatic connections are intact. Retinal illumination decreases with ageing due to pupillary miosis and reduced crystalline lens light transmission especially of short wavelengths. Inadequate environmental light and/or ganglion photoreception can cause circadian disruption, increasing the risk of insomnia, depression, numerous systemic disorders and possibly early mortality. Artificial lighting is dimmer and less blue-weighted than natural daylight, contributing to age-related losses in unconscious circadian photoreception. Optimal intraocular lens design should consider the spectral requirements of both conscious and unconscious retinal photoreception.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pseudophakia improves circadian photoreception at all ages, particularly with UV-only blocking IOLs that transmit blue wavelengths.
“Pseudophakia improves circadian photoreception at all ages, particularly with UV‐only blocking IOLs that transmit blue wavelengths.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Results showed a 10-fold greater circadian photoreception in young children (10 years old) than adults (95 years old) with phakic eyes.
“Results showed a 10‐fold greater circadian photoreception in young children (10 years old) than adults (95 years old) with phakic eyes.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock
Berson, D. M., Dunn, F. A., & Takao, M. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067262 · Cited by 3,629 · see citing works
Color Science, Concepts and Methods. Quantitative Data and Formulas
Wright, W. D. (1967) · Physics Bulletin · doi:10.1088/0031-9112/18/10/010 · Cited by 3,552 · see citing works
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66665-2 · Cited by 2,024 · see citing works
Action Spectrum for Melatonin Regulation in Humans: Evidence for a Novel Circadian Photoreceptor
Brainard, G. C., Hanifin, J. P., Greeson, J. M., Byrne, B., Glickman, G., Gerner, E., & Rollag, M. D. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-06405.2001 · Cited by 1,930 · see citing works
Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., & Gado, M. H. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-12-05034.1999 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Dacey, D. M., Liao, H.-W., Peterson, B. B., Robinson, F. R., Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., Yau, K.-W., & Gamlin, P. D. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03387 · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Thapan, K., Arendt, J., & Skene, D. J. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
A Novel Human Opsin in the Inner Retina
Provencio, I., Rodriguez, I. R., Jiang, G., Hayes, W. P., Moreira, E. F., & Rollag, M. D. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-02-00600.2000 · Cited by 1,290 · see citing works
A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease
Hastings, M. H., Reddy, A. B., & Maywood, E. S. (2003) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1177 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Spiegel, K., Knutson, K., Leproult, R., Tasali, E., & Cauter, E. V. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00660.2005 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Cajochen, C., Münch, M., Kobialka, S., Kräuchi, K., Steiner, R., Oelhafen, P., Orgül, S., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0957 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Golden, R. N., Gaynes, B. N., Ekstrom, R. D., Hamer, R. M., Jacobsen, F. M., Suppes, T., Wisner, K. L., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.656 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Melatonin: Nature’s most versatile biological signal?
Pandi‐Perumal, S. R., Srinivasan, V., Maestroni, G. J. M., Cardinali, D. P., Poeggeler, B., & Hardeland, R. (2006) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05322.x · Cited by 875 · see citing works
(1962) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · Cited by 840 · see citing works
The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences
Navara, K. J., & Nelson, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00473.x · Cited by 795 · see citing works
High Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm to Resetting by Short Wavelength Light
Lockley, S. W., Brainard, G. C., & Czeisler, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030570 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Suppression of Melatonin Secretion in Some Blind Patients by Exposure to Bright Light
Czeisler, C. A., Shanahan, T. L., Klerman, E. B., Martens, H., Brotman, D. J., Emens, J. S., Klein, T., & Rizzo, J. F. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199501053320102 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Effect of sunlight and season on serotonin turnover in the brain
Lambert, G., Reid, C., Kaye, D., Jennings, G., & Esler, M. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11737-5 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Strange vision: ganglion cells as circadian photoreceptors
Berson, D. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00130-9 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Entrainment of the human circadian system by light
Duffy, J. F., & Wright, K. P. (2005) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730405277983 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Mallon, L., Broman, J. ‐., & Hetta, J. (2002) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00941.x · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Depression, stress and immunological activation: The role of cytokines in depressive disorders
Connor, T. J., & Leonard, B. E. (1998) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00990-9 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Human Melatonin Production Decreases With Age
Sack, R. L., Lewy, A. J., Erb, D. L., Vollmer, W. M., & Singer, C. M. (1986) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1986.tb00760.x · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Phipps-Nelson, J., Redman, J. R., Dijk, D.-J., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2003) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.6.695 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Human Melatonin Suppression by Light is Intensity Dependent
Mclntyre, I. M., Norman, T. R., Burrows, G. D., & Armstrong, S. M. (1989) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.1989.tb00412.x · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Mills, P. R., Tomkins, S., & Schlangen, L. J. M. (2007) · Journal of Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1186/1740-3391-5-2 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
The mammalian circadian timing system: from gene expression to physiology
Gachon, F., Nagoshi, E., Brown, S., Ripperger, J. A., & Schibler, U. (2004) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/s00412-004-0296-2 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
A model of phototransduction by the human circadian system
Rea, M. S., Figueiro, M. G., Bullough, J. D., & Bierman, A. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.07.002 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Insomnia as a Risk Factor for Onset of Depression in the Elderly
Perlis, M. L., Smith, L. J., Lyness, J. M., Matteson, S. R., Pigeon, W. R., Jungquist, C. R., & Tu, X. M. (2006) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0402_3 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Vision impairment predicts 5 year mortality
McCarty, C. A. (2001) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.85.3.322 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Living by the clock: The circadian pacemaker in older people
Hofman, M. A., & Swaab, D. F. (2005) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2005.07.001 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease and aging
Curcio, C., & Drucker, D. (1993) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410330305 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: Role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Mistlberger, R. E. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.01.005 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Relationship between Melatonin Rhythms and Visual Loss in the Blind
Lockley, S. W., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Tabandeh, H., Bird, A. C., & Defrance, R. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.11.4355 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Ancoli‐Israel, S., Klauber, M. R., Jones, D. W., Kripke, D. F., Martin, J. L., Mason, W. J., Pat‐Horenczyk, R., & Fell, R. L. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.1.18 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Color science concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae
Wyszecki, G., & Stiles, W. S. 1.-1. (1982) · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans.
Czeisler, C. A., & Klerman, E. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Insomnia and Effect on Functioning in Elderly Populations
Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Cooke, J. R. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53392.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and alzheimer's patients
Campbell, S. S., Kripke, D. F., Gillin, J. C., & Hrubovcak, J. C. (1988) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90289-2 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Vandewalle, G., Gais, S., Schabus, M., Balteau, E., Carrier, J., Darsaud, A., Sterpenich, V., Albouy, G., Dijk, D. J., & Maquet, P. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm007 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Circadian and sleep disturbances in the elderly
Someren, E. J. W. V. (2000) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00191-1 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report
Eastman, C. I., Boulos, Z., Terman, M., Campbell, S. S., Dijk, D., & Lewy, A. J. (1995) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049501000208 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights
Dijk, D.-J., Neri, D. F., Wyatt, J. K., Ronda, J. M., Riel, E., Ritz-De Cecco, A., Hughes, R. J., Elliott, A. R., Prisk, G. K., West, J. B., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.5.r1647 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Properties, Entrainment, and Physiological Functions of Mammalian Peripheral Oscillators
Stratmann, M., & Schibler, U. (2006) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730406293889 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Illumination levels in nursing home patients: effects on sleep and activity rhythms
Shochat, T., Martin, J., Marler, M., & Ancoli‐Israel, S. (2000) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00221.x · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Light Therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder with Blue Narrow-Band Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Glickman, G., Byrne, B., Pineda, C., Hauck, W. W., & Brainard, G. C. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.006 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Adaptation of Human Pineal Melatonin Suppression by Recent Photic History
Smith, K. A., Schoen, M. W., & Czeisler, C. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032100 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Book Review: Introduction to Color Imaging Science
Lee, H.-C. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614392 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Do plasma melatonin concentrations decline with age?
Zeitzer, J. M., Daniels, J. E., Duffy, J. F., Klerman, E. B., Shanahan, T. L., Dijk, D.-J., & Czeisler, C. A. (1999) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00266-1 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: photoprotection versus photoreception
Mainster, M. A. (2006) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.086553 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationA Multiyear Global Surface Wind Velocity Dataset Using SSM/I Wind Observations
Atlas, R. M., Hoffman, R. N., Bloom, S. C., Jusem, J. C., & Ardizzone, J. V. (1996) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Pupil location under mesopic, photopic, and pharmacologically dilated conditions.
Yang, Y., Thompson, K. P., & Burns, S. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Visual Impairment, Age-Related Cataract, and Mortality
Wang, J. J. (2001) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.119.8.1186 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Diminished Melatonin Secretion in the Elderly Caused by Insufficient Environmental Illumination1
Mishima, K., Okawa, M., Shimizu, T., & Hishikawa, Y. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.1.7097 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Photic Regulation of Melatonin in Humans: Ocular and Neural Signal Transduction
Brainard, G. C., Rollag, M. D., & Hanifin, J. P. (1997) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049701200608 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker to longer-than-24-h days
Gronfier, C., Wright, K. P., Kronauer, R. E., & Czeisler, C. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702835104 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Decreasing Retinal Photocoagulation Damage: Principles and Techniques
Mainster, M. A. (1999) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.3109/08820539909069538 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationLow illumination experienced by San Diego adults: Association with atypical depressive symptoms
Espiritu, R. C., Kripke, D. F., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Mowen, M. A., Mason, W. J., Fell, R. L., Klauber, M. R., & Kaplan, O. J. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)90007-8 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Organization of circadian functions: interaction with the body
Buijs, R. M., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Kreier, F., Yi, C., Bos, N. P. A., Goncharuk, V. D., & Kalsbeek, A. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)53020-1 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Seasonal variation of depression and other moods: a longitudinal approach
Harmatz, M. G., Well, A. D., Overtree, C. E., Kawamura, K. Y., Rosal, M., & Ockene, I. S. (2000) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873000129001350 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Light-induced melatonin suppression: age-related reduction in response to short wavelength light
HERLJEVIC, M., MIDDLETON, B., THAPAN, K., & SKENE, D. (2005) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.12.001 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Effect of Light on the Human Circadian Pacemaker
Czeisler, C. A. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470514597.ch14 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Age-Related Eye Disease, Visual Impairment, and Survival
Knudtson, M. D. (2006) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.124.2.243 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Li, R. S., Chen, B.-Y., Tay, D., Chan, H. H., Pu, M., & So, K. (2006) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1295 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of Human Illumination Under Natural Conditions
Hubert, M., Dumont, M., & Paquet, J. (1998) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529808998670 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Melatonin Entrains Free‐running Blind People According to a Physiological Dose‐response Curve
Lewy, A. J., Emens, J. S., Lefler, B. J., Yuhas, K., & Jackman, A. R. (2005) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520500398064 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Human Melatonin Regulation Is Not Mediated by the Three Cone Photopic Visual System
Brainard, G. C., Hanifin, J. P., Rollag, M. D., Greeson, J. M., Byrne, B. G., Glickman, G. L., Gerner, E. W., & Sanford, B. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.1.7277 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Relationship between Napping and Melatonin in the Blind
Lockley, S. W., Skene, D. J., Tabandeh, H., Bird, A. C., Defrance, R., & Arendt, J. (1997) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049701200104 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Clinical aspects of human circadian rhythms
Klerman, E. B. (2005) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730405278353 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Natural light exposure of young adults
Savides, T. J., Messin, S., Senger, C., & Kripke, D. F. (1986) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90427-0 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Capturing the circadian rhythms of free-running blind people with 0.5 mg melatonin
Lewy, A. J., Bauer, V. K., Hasler, B. P., Kendall, A. R., Pires, M. L. N., & Sack, R. L. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02964-x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Age, lens transmittance, and the possible effects of light on melatonin suppression
Charman, W. N. (2003) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00105.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Blue light improves cognitive performance
Lehrl, S., Gerstmeyer, K., Jacob, J. H., Frieling, H., Henkel, A. W., Meyrer, R., Wiltfang, J., Kornhuber, J., & Bleich, S. (2007) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0621-4 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report: IV. Sleep Phase and Duration Disturbances
Terman, M., Lewy, A. J., Dijk, D.-J., Boulos, Z., Eastman, C. I., & Campbell, S. S. (1995) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049501000206 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Melatonin Sensitivity to Dim White Light in Affective Disorders
Nathan, P. J. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00018-4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Absence of Detectable Melatonin and Preservation of Cortisol and Thyrotropin Rhythms in Tetraplegia1
Zeitzer, J. M., Ayas, N., Shea, S. A., Brown, R., & Czeisler, C. A. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.6.6647 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Prevalence of winter depression in Denmark
Dam, H., Jakobsen, K. D., & Mellerup, E. T. (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09954.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Functional plasticity of the circadian timing system in old age: light exposure
Someren, E. J. W. V., Riemersma, R. F., & Swaab, D. F. (2002) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(02)38080-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Effects of light on human circadian rhythms
Skene, D. J., Lockley, S. W., Thapan, K., & Arendt, J. (1999) · annales de biologie animale biochimie biophysique · doi:10.1051/rnd:19990302 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mixed Lens Opacities and Subsequent Mortality
West, S. K. (2000) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.118.3.393 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Optimization of Light and Melatonin to Phase‐Shift Human Circadian Rhythms
Skene, D. J. (2003) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01006.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Influence of eye colors of Caucasians and Asians on suppression of melatonin secretion by light
Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Ishibashi, K., & Maeda, T. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00355.2006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Absence of Detectable Melatonin and Preservation of Cortisol and Thyrotropin Rhythms in Tetraplegia
Zeitzer, J. M. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.85.6.2189 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Spectral, Irradiance, and Temporal Aspects of Natural and Artificial Light
Thorington, L. (1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11796.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hood, B. M., Bruck, D., & Kennedy, G. (2004) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afh051 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Avery, D., Kizer, D. L., Bolte, M. A., & Hellekson, C. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00078.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Lee, D. J., Gómez-Marı́n, O., Lam, B. L., et al. (2003) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(03)00408-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Ishibashi, K., & Maeda, T. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520601139805 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Neuronal Input Pathways to the Brain’s Biological Clock and their Functional Significance
Hannibal, J., & Fahrenkrug, J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-27789-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sleep and sleepiness 1 and 9 months after cataract surgery
Asplund, R., & Lindblad, B. E. (2003) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2003.08.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Epidemiology, etiology, and natural treatment of seasonal affective disorder.
Miller, A. L. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Mortality in Frail, Community-Living Elderly Persons
Yaffe, K. S., Edwards, E. R., Covinsky, K. E., Lui, L., & Eng, C. (2003) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200309000-00011 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Illuminating the Impact of Habitual Behaviors in Depression
Haynes, P. L., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & McQuaid, J. R. (2005) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-200053546 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Middleton, B., Stone, B. M., & Arendt, J. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00574-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Changes in the immune system in depression and dementia: causal or coincidental effects?
Leonard, B. E., & Myint, A.-M. (2006) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2006.8.2/bleonard · Cited by 51 · see citing works
St Hilaire, M. A., Gronfier, C., Zeitzer, J. M., & Klerman, E. B. (2007) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00477.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The development of sleep in persons undergoing cataract surgery
Asplund, R., & Lindblad, B. E. (2002) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(02)00022-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Vision impairment predicts five-year mortality.
Taylor, H. R., McCarty, C. A., & Nanjan, M. B. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Does architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer?
Figueiro, M. G., Rea, M. S., & Bullough, J. D. (2006) · Journal of Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1186/1477-3163-5-20 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sleep and daytime sleepiness in retinitis pigmentosa patients
Ionescu, D., Driver, H. S., Héon, E., Flanagan, J. G., & Shapiro, C. M. (2001) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00271.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Light and Exercise and Melatonin Production in Women
Knight, J. A., Thompson, S., Raboud, J., & Hoffman, B. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi327 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Depression in the elderly: new concepts and therapeutic approaches
Mecocci, P., Cherubini, A., Mariani, E., Ruggiero, C., & Senin, U. (2004) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03327382 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dimensional measurement of seasonal variation in mood and behavior
Spoont, M. R., Depue, R. A., & Krauss, S. S. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90093-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Decreased sleep quality in patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa
Gordo, M. A., Recio, J., & Sánchez‐Barceló, E. J. (2001) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00251.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Eye as Metronome of the Body
Lubkin, V., Beizai, P., & Sadun, A. A. (2002) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00282-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Franz Halberg, A., Cornélissen, G., Ulmer, W., Blank, M., Hrushesky, W. J. M., Wood, P. A., Singh, R. K., & Wang, Z. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Restoration of detectable melatonin after entrainment to a 24-hour schedule in a ‘free-running’ man
Oren, D. A., Giesen, H. A., & Wehr, T. A. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(96)00038-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Otsuka, K., Yamanaka, G., Shinagawa, M., Murakami, S., Yamanaka, T., Shibata, K., Yano, S., Ishizuka, S., Singh, R. B., Cornélissen, G., et al. (2004) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(04)80010-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sleeping problems at 78 degrees north: the Svalbard Study
Nilssen, O., Lipton, R. I., Brenn, T., Høyer, G., Boiko, E. P., & Tkatchev, A. (1997) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00372.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Transient short free running circadian rhythm in a case of aneurysm near the suprachiasmatic nuclei
Bloch, K. E. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.059295 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Blue light and the circadian clock
Gelder, R. N. V. (2004) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.042861/045120 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
(1971) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nocturnal Melatonin Synthesis: How to Stop It
Falcón, J. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0076 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Laser damage to retinal ganglion cells
Bughi, S., Shaw, S. J., & Bessman, A. N. (2006) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.06.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
582: Light and Exercise and Melatonin Production in Women
Knight, J. A., Thompson, S., Raboud, J., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/161.supplement_1.s146a · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Extent and Impact of Insomnia as a Public Health Problem
Hublin, C. (2002) · The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Whiplash injury may deregulate the biological clock
Smits, M. G. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.062034 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Mortality in Frail, Community-Living Elderly Persons
Yaffe, K. (2003) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.11.5.561 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [37]Gallagher III FW Beasley WH Gohren CF Green thunderstorms observed. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1996; 77: 2889– 97
- [56]Lee H-C Introduction to color imaging science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circadian disruption and human health
Fishbein, A. B., Knutson, K. L., & Zee, P. C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci148286 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Youth Screen Media Habits and Sleep
Hale, L., Kirschen, G. W., LeBourgeois, M. K., Gradisar, M., Garrison, M. M., Montgomery-Downs, H., Kirschen, H., McHale, S. M., Chang, A.-M., & Buxton, O. M. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.014 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm
Wahl, S., Engelhardt, M., Schaupp, P., Lappe, C., & Ivanov, I. V. (2019) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.201900102 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Lieverse, R., Van Someren, E. J. W., Nielen, M. M. A., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Smit, J. H., & Hoogendijk, W. J. G. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.183 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Influence of light at night on melatonin suppression in children
Higuchi, S., Nagafuchi, Y., Lee, S.-I., & Harada, T. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1629 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Melatonin Deficiency and Dysfunction
Hardeland, R. (2012) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1100/2012/640389 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Circadian disruption and human health: A bidirectional relationship
Abbott, S. M., Malkani, R. G., & Zee, P. C. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14298 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Age-related changes in the visual pathways: blame it on the axon
Calkins, D. J. (2013) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12784 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells: implications for human diseases
La Morgia, C., Ross-Cisneros, F. N., Hannibal, J., Montagna, P., Sadun, A. A., & Carelli, V. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.07.023 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nagare, R., Plitnick, B., & Figueiro, M. (2019) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153518763003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ayaki, M., Hattori, A., Maruyama, Y., Nakano, M., Yoshimura, M., Kitazawa, M., Negishi, K., & Tsubota, K. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1119158 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hjetland, G. J., Pallesen, S., Thun, E., Kolberg, E., Nordhus, I. H., & Flo, E. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101310 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Circadian Activity Rhythm Disturbances in Community-Dwelling Older Women
Maglione, J. E., Ancoli-Israel, S., Peters, K. W., Paudel, M. L., Yaffe, K., Ensrud, K. E., Tranah, G. J., & Stone, K. L. (2014) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.09.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Light therapy: is it safe for the eyes?
Brouwer, A., Nguyen, H. ‐., Snoek, F. J., van Raalte, D. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Moll, A. C., & Bremmer, M. A. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12785 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Impact of age on human non-visual responses to light
REVELL, V. L., & SKENE, D. J. (2010) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2009.00418.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Role of Sleep Dysfunction in Physical Inactivity and its Relationship to Obesity
Watenpaugh, D. E. (2009) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181c27834 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sleep in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Malkani, R., & Attarian, H. (2015) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-015-0016-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Assessing the impact of daylight exposure on sleep quality of people over 65 years old
Flores-Villa, L., Unwin, J., & Raynham, P. (2020) · Building Services Engineering Research and Technology · doi:10.1177/0143624419899522 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Turner, P. L., & Mainster, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mainster, M A
- Venue
- British Journal of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2008-08-29
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1439-1444
- ISSN
- 0007-1161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2582340
- OpenAlex
- W2105350887
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- British Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Intraocular Surgery and Lenses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- circadian photoreception, aging, pupil size, pseudophakia, non-visual photoreception, retinal ganglion cells, suprachiasmatic nucleus, melatonin suppression, blue light, circadian rhythm disruption, artificial lighting, intraocular lens design
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Eye Protective Devices, Female, Humans, Lens, Crystalline, Male, Middle Aged, Pupil, Refraction, Ocular, Scattering, Radiation, Ultraviolet Rays, Pseudophakia, Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
