Cited by 173Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disordersImpact of Light on Environment and Health

Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Melatonin Deficiency and Dysfunction

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Hardeland, Rüdiger·2012·The Scientific World Journal

Abstract

Melatonin is a highly pleiotropic signaling molecule, which is released as a hormone of the pineal gland predominantly during night. Melatonin secretion decreases during aging. Reduced melatonin levels are also observed in various diseases, such as types of dementia, some mood disorders, severe pain, cancer, and diabetes type 2. Melatonin dysfunction is frequently related to deviations in amplitudes, phasing, and coupling of circadian rhythms. Gene polymorphisms of melatonin receptors and circadian oscillator proteins bear risks for several of the diseases mentioned. A common symptom of insufficient melatonin signaling is sleep disturbances. It is necessary to distinguish between symptoms that are curable by short melatonergic actions and others that require extended actions during night. Melatonin immediate release is already effective, at moderate doses, for reducing difficulties of falling asleep or improving symptoms associated with poorly coupled circadian rhythms, including seasonal affective and bipolar disorders. For purposes of a replacement therapy based on longer-lasting melatonergic actions, melatonin prolonged release and synthetic agonists have been developed. Therapies with melatonin or synthetic melatonergic drugs have to consider that these agents do not only act on the SCN, but also on numerous organs and cells in which melatonin receptors are also expressed.

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  • Since production of melatonin with age is gradually decreasing, such an event may to some extent correlate with the development of many chronic diseases.

    “Since the production of melatonin with age is gradually decreasing, such an event may to some extent correlate with the development of many chronic diseases (Hardeland 2012).”

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Authors
Hardeland, R.
Affiliations
University of Göttingen (DE)
Corresponding author
Hardeland, Rüdiger
Venue
The Scientific World Journal
Published
2012
Volume
2012
Pages
1-18
ISSN
1537-744X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2055533354
Cited by
173
References
245
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 1
FWCI
1.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Scientific World JOURNAL (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
Keywords
melatonin deficiency, melatonin receptors, circadian rhythm, pineal gland, aging, sleep disorders, seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, melatonin receptor agonists, dementia, mood disorders, type 2 diabetes, cancer
MeSH terms
Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Melatonin, Chronobiology Disorders

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