Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Melatonin Deficiency and Dysfunction
Open accessAbstract
Melatonin is a highly pleiotropic signaling molecule, which is released as a hormone of the pineal gland predominantly during night. Melatonin secretion decreases during aging. Reduced melatonin levels are also observed in various diseases, such as types of dementia, some mood disorders, severe pain, cancer, and diabetes type 2. Melatonin dysfunction is frequently related to deviations in amplitudes, phasing, and coupling of circadian rhythms. Gene polymorphisms of melatonin receptors and circadian oscillator proteins bear risks for several of the diseases mentioned. A common symptom of insufficient melatonin signaling is sleep disturbances. It is necessary to distinguish between symptoms that are curable by short melatonergic actions and others that require extended actions during night. Melatonin immediate release is already effective, at moderate doses, for reducing difficulties of falling asleep or improving symptoms associated with poorly coupled circadian rhythms, including seasonal affective and bipolar disorders. For purposes of a replacement therapy based on longer-lasting melatonergic actions, melatonin prolonged release and synthetic agonists have been developed. Therapies with melatonin or synthetic melatonergic drugs have to consider that these agents do not only act on the SCN, but also on numerous organs and cells in which melatonin receptors are also expressed.
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Since production of melatonin with age is gradually decreasing, such an event may to some extent correlate with the development of many chronic diseases.
“Since the production of melatonin with age is gradually decreasing, such an event may to some extent correlate with the development of many chronic diseases (Hardeland 2012).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Hardeland 2012
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
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- Authors
- Hardeland, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hardeland, Rüdiger
- ORCID
- Hardeland, Rüdiger
- Venue
- The Scientific World Journal
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-18
- ISSN
- 1537-744X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3354573
- OpenAlex
- W2055533354
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 245
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Scientific World JOURNAL (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Keywords
- melatonin deficiency, melatonin receptors, circadian rhythm, pineal gland, aging, sleep disorders, seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, melatonin receptor agonists, dementia, mood disorders, type 2 diabetes, cancer
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Melatonin, Chronobiology Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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