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Cited by 230Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsMental Health Treatment and Access

Problem solving treatment and group psychoeducation for depression: multicentre randomised controlled trial

Open access
Dowrick, C., Dunn, G., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Dalgard, O. S., Page, H., Lehtinen, V., Casey, P., Wilkinson, C. +2 more·2000·BMJ
DOI 10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1450PMC PMC27549
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To determine the acceptability of two psychological interventions for depressed adults in the community and their effect on caseness, symptoms, and subjective function. DESIGN: A pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial, stratified by centre. SETTING: Nine urban and rural communities in Finland, Republic of Ireland, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: 452 participants aged 18 to 65, identified through a community survey with depressive or adjustment disorders according to the international classification of diseases, 10th revision or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. INTERVENTIONS: Six individual sessions of problem solving treatment (n=128), eight group sessions of the course on prevention of depression (n=108), and controls (n=189). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Completion rates for each intervention, diagnosis of depression, and depressive symptoms and subjective function. RESULTS: 63% of participants assigned to problem solving and 44% assigned to prevention of depression completed their intervention. The proportion of problem solving participants depressed at six months was 17% less than that for controls, giving a number needed to treat of 6; the mean difference in Beck depression inventory score was -2. 63 (95% confidence interval -4.95 to -0.32), and there were significant improvements in SF-36 scores. For depression prevention, the difference in proportions of depressed participants was 14% (number needed to treat of 7); the mean difference in Beck depression inventory score was -1.50 (-4.16 to 1.17), and there were significant improvements in SF-36 scores. Such differences were not observed at 12 months. Neither specific diagnosis nor treatment with antidepressants affected outcome. CONCLUSIONS: When offered to adults with depressive disorders in the community, problem solving treatment was more acceptable than the course on prevention of depression. Both interventions reduced caseness and improved subjective function.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1450

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 16 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    At six months, the mean difference in Beck depression inventory score between problem solving and controls was -2.63 (95% confidence interval -4.95 to -0.32).

    “the mean difference in Beck depression inventory score was -2.63 (95% confidence interval -4.95 to -0.32)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At 12 months, there were no differences between the three treatment arms in diagnosis of depression.

    “At 12 months there were no differences between the three treatment arms.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract Objectives To determine the acceptability of two psychological interventions for depressed adults in the community and their effect on caseness, symptoms, and subjective function.Design A pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial, stratified by centre.Setting Nine urban and rural communities in Finland, Republic of Ireland, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom.Participants 452 participants aged 18 to 65, identified through a community survey with depressive or adjustment disorders according to the international classification of diseases, 10th revision or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition.Interventions Six individual sessions of problem solving treatment (n = 128), eight group sessions of the course on prevention of depression (n = 108), and controls (n = 189). Main outcome measures Completion rates for each intervention, diagnosis of depression, and depressive symptoms and subjective function.Results 63% of participants assigned to problem solving and 44% assigned to prevention of depression completed their intervention.The proportion of problem solving participants depressed at six months was 17% less than that for controls, giving a number needed to treat of 6; the mean difference in Beck depression inventory score was -2.63 (95% confidence interval -4.95 to -0.32), and there were significant improvements in SF-36 scores.For depression prevention, the difference in proportions of depressed participants was 14% (number needed to treat of 7); the mean difference in Beck depression inventory score was -1.50 (-4.16 to 1.17), and there were significant improvements in SF-36 scores.Such differences were not observed at 12 months.Neither specific diagnosis nor treatment with antidepressants affected outcome.Conclusions When offered to adults with depressive disorders in the community, problem solving treatment was more acceptable than the course on prevention of depression.Both interventions reduced caseness and improved subjective function. · plain
      “Such differences were not observed at 12 months.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    44% of participants assigned to prevention of depression completed their intervention.

    “63% of participants assigned to problem solving and 44% assigned to prevention of depression completed their intervention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At six months, prevention of depression had significant improvements in SF-36 scores.

    “and there were significant improvements in SF-36 scores.”
    • Also stated in: § Depressive symptoms and subjective function · plain
      “prevention of depression had a significant effect on the SF-36 scores but not on the Beck depression inventory score”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    63% of participants assigned to problem solving completed their intervention.

    “63% of participants assigned to problem solving and 44% assigned to prevention of depression completed their intervention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 19
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At six months, the proportion of problem solving participants depressed was 17% less than that for controls, giving a number needed to treat of 6.

    “The proportion of problem solving participants depressed at six months was 17% less than that for controls, giving a number needed to treat of 6”
    • Also stated in: § Diagnosis of depression · plain
      “At six months there was a 17% difference in the proportions of cases between participants assigned to problem solving and controls, giving a number needed to treat of 6”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At six months, the difference in proportions of depressed participants between prevention of depression and controls was 14%, giving a number needed to treat of 7.

    “For depression prevention, the difference in proportions of depressed participants was 14% (number needed to treat of 7)”
    • Also stated in: § Diagnosis of depression · plain
      “a 14% difference between participants assigned to prevention of depression and controls, giving a number needed to treat of 7”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Neither specific diagnosis nor treatment with antidepressants affected outcome.

    “Neither specific diagnosis nor treatment with antidepressants affected outcome.”
    • Also stated in: § Implications · plain
      “These differences were unrelated to diagnostic category or concurrent treatment with antidepressants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Course on prevention of depression improves subjective mental functioning at 6 months compared to controls.

    “Depression prevention | SF-36 (mental health) § | 6.95 (0.76 to 13.14) | 0.028 | -3.25 (-8.47 to 1.97) | 0.223”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of 394 participants with available data, 102 (26%) reported currently taking antidepressants.

    “Of 394 participants with available data, 102 (26%) reported currently taking antidepressants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Men and single people were least likely to complete.

    “Men and single people were least likely to complete.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Course on prevention of depression reduces the severity of depressive disorders at 6 months compared to controls.

    “Total for depression | 32/78 (41) | 44/80 (55) | 14 ‡ | 43/72 (60) | 44/83 (53) | -7 §”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The probability of providing a follow up interview decreased with increasing baseline score on the Beck depression inventory at 12 months (P=0.047).

    “From a logistic regression analysis for the whole sample the probability of providing a follow up interview decreased with increasing baseline score on the Beck depression inventory: at six months = -0.017(0.013 SE); P = 0.203 and at 12 months = -0.025(0.013 SE), P = 0.047.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Those who responded to the survey were more likely to be female and older than non-responders.

    “Those who responded to the survey were more likely to be female and older than non-responders: the sex difference was significant at three sites.23”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Ayuso-Mateos J, Vazquez-Barquero J, Dowrick C, Lehtinen V, Dalgard O, Casey P, et al. Depressive disorders in Europe: prevalence figures from the ODIN study. Br J Psychiatry 2000 (in press).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Overall, 452 people were identified as cases through the survey phase of the ODIN project.

    “Overall, 452 people were identified as cases through the survey phase of the project of the outcomes of depression international network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Overall, 317 (74%) participants took part in follow up interviews at six months and 301 (71%) at 12 months.

    “Overall, 317 (74%) participants took part in follow up interviews at six months and 301 (71%) at 12 months (figure).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Both interventions reduced caseness and improved subjective function.

    “Both interventions reduced caseness and improved subjective function.”
    • Also stated in: § Implications · plain
      “Outcomes at six months were positive for both treatment arms, with results consistent across most measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Problem solving treatment is as effective as pharmacotherapy for major depression in primary care.

    “It is as effective as pharmacotherapy for major depression in primary care 10 11”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] 10. Mynors-Wallis L, Gath D, Lloyd-Thomas A, Tomlinson D. Randomised controlled trial comparing problem solving treatment with amitriptyline and placebo for major depression in primary care. BMJ 1995;310:441-5.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] 11. Mynors-Wallis L, Gath D, Day A, Baker F. Randomised controlled trial of problem solving treatment, antidepressant medication, and combined treatment for major depression in primary care. BMJ 2000;320:26-30.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychoeducation has been used in healthcare and community settings and seems effective in prevention and quality improvement programmes in US primary care.

    “Psychoeducation has been used in healthcare and community settings and seems effective in prevention and quality improvement programmes in US primary care.[14][15][16]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] 14. Cuijpers P. A psychoeducational approach to the treatment of depression: a meta-analysis of Lewinsohn's 'coping with depression' course. Behav Ther 1998;29:521-33.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] 15. Muñoz R, Ying Y, Bernal G, Perez-Stable E, Sorensen J, Hargreaves W, et al. Prevention of depression with primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Community Psychol 1995;23:199-222.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] 16. Wells K, Sherbourne C, Schoenbaum M, Duan N, Meredith L, Unutzer J, et al. Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depres- sion in managed primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;283:212-20.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Randomisation and assessment were correctly undertaken for 425 people, with 26 people recruited in Dublin excluded post hoc from the analysis after discovery of a breach in protocol, and one participant with a psychotic condition excluded from the Norwegian sample.

    “Randomisation and assessment were correctly undertaken for 425 people-26 people recruited in Dublin were excluded post hoc from the analysis, after discovery of a breach in protocol by a former member of the Irish research team, and one participant with a psychotic condition was excluded from the Norwegian sample (figure).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Problem solving treatment involves six individual sessions and less than four hours' therapist time.

    “The treatment involves six individual sessions-less than four hours' therapist time 9 -and is easily taught to a range of health professionals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] 9. Hawton K, Kirk J. Problem-solving. In: Hawton K, Salkovskis PM, Kirk JW, Clark DM, eds. Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems: a practi- cal guide. Oxford: Oxford Medical, 1989:406-27.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Problem solving treatment is easily taught to a range of health professionals.

    “The treatment involves six individual sessions-less than four hours' therapist time 9 -and is easily taught to a range of health professionals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] 9. Hawton K, Kirk J. Problem-solving. In: Hawton K, Salkovskis PM, Kirk JW, Clark DM, eds. Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems: a practi- cal guide. Oxford: Oxford Medical, 1989:406-27.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    It is essential in estimating and testing treatment effects that the analysis involves stratification by centre to ensure that each intervention group is being compared with its own control.

    “It is essential, therefore, in estimating and testing treatment effects that the analysis involves stratification by centre to ensure that each intervention group is being compared with its own control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Problem solving treatment and the course on prevention of depression improve subjective mental and social functioning.

    “Both problem solving treatment and the course on prevention of depression reduce the severity and duration of depressive disorders and improve subjective mental and social functioning”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Differential recruitment between centres reflected differences in the prevalence of depressive disorders in the populations surveyed during the first phase of the ODIN project.

    “Differential recruitment between centres reflected differences in the prevalence of depressive disorders in the populations surveyed during the first phase of the outcomes of depression international network.23”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Ayuso-Mateos J, Vazquez-Barquero J, Dowrick C, Lehtinen V, Dalgard O, Casey P, et al. Depressive disorders in Europe: prevalence figures from the ODIN study. Br J Psychiatry 2000 (in press).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Ethical approval was obtained according to local protocols.

    “Ethical approval was obtained according to local protocols.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Relevant baseline scores, age, and treatment with antidepressants were used as covariates, and treatment group, centre, and diagnostic group were treated as qualitative factors.

    “Relevant baseline scores, age, and treatment with antidepressants were used as covariates, and treatment group, centre, and diagnostic group were treated as qualitative factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Details of survey methods, including translation, training, and quality control procedures, have been published.

    “Details of our survey methods, including translation, training, and quality control procedures, have been published.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] 8. Dowrick C, Casey P, Dalgard O, Hosman C, Lehtinen V, Vazquez- Barquero J-L, et al. Outcomes of Depression International Network (ODIN): background, methods and field trials. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172:359-63.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    At each study site the unit of randomisation was the participant.

    “At each study site the unit of randomisation was the participant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    There were no significant differences in diagnosis or antidepressant receipt between the study sites or the intervention arms.

    “There were no significant differences in diagnosis or antidepressant receipt between the study sites or the intervention arms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Our methods of analysis allowed us to account for the effects of conducting a set of linked trials in different centres but not for the possible constituents of centre effects.

    “Our methods of analysis allowed us to account for the effects of conducting a set of linked trials in different centres but not for the possible constituents of centre effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Compared with controls, participants assigned to problem solving and the course on prevention of depression were less likely to remain cases of depression and more likely to report improved subjective mental and social functioning.

    “Compared with the controls, participants who were assigned to problem solving and the course on prevention of depression were less likely to remain cases of depression and more likely to report improved subjective mental and social functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Given the uncertainty of outcome from a study based outside healthcare settings, we made no assumptions concerning the difference in efficacy of problem solving and prevention of depression.

    “Given the uncertainty of outcome from a study based outside healthcare settings, we made no assumptions concerning the difference in efficacy of problem solving and prevention of depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The design of the trial is complex, involving nine treatment centres, only one of which used both interventions.

    “The design of the trial is complex, involving nine treatment centres, only one of which used both interventions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Problem solving treatment and the course on prevention of depression reduce the severity and duration of depressive disorders.

    “This is because they reduce severity and duration of depressive disorders and improve subjective mental and social functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Cases were randomly allocated to one of the trial groups.

    “Cases were randomly allocated to one of the trial groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Allocation schedules were generated by random number tables and administered by staff not in contact with the participants.

    “Allocation schedules were generated by random number tables and administered by staff not in contact with the participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    All analyses were carried out by intention to treat but with alternative approaches to dealing with the effects of drop-outs.

    “All analyses were carried out by intention to treat but with alternative approaches to dealing with the effects of drop-outs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Problem solving treatment and the course on prevention of depression are effective interventions for people with depressive conditions in urban and rural community settings.

    “Problem solving treatment and the course on prevention of depression may be recommended as effective interventions for people with depressive conditions in urban and rural community settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
34 of 34

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Problem solving treatment has not yet been tested in community settings.

    “but has not yet been tested in community settings.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ODIN study is the first international multicentre randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for depression undertaken among the general population.

    “The outcomes of depression international network is the first international multicentre randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for depression undertaken among the general population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ODIN trial is the largest trial to date of problem solving treatment and the largest and most rigorously designed trial of the course on prevention of depression.

    “It is the largest trial to date of problem solving treatment and the largest and most rigorously designed trial of the course on prevention of depression.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    In the complete case analysis, data are missing completely at random.

    “analysis of available data (complete case analysis) assumed that data are missing completely at random.22”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    In the weighted analysis, data are missing at random.

    “The second approach therefore assumed that data were missing at random, involving calculation of adjustment weights to compensate for missing values.22”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The largest trial (Dowrick et al. 2000) had sufficient power only to detect a differential effect size of d = 0.42, and the average study with 52 patients had enough power only to find a differential effect size of d = 0.79.

    “The largest trial (Dowrick et al. 2000) had sufficient power only to detect a differential effect size of d = 0.42, and the average study with 52 patients had enough power only to find a differential effect size of d = 0.79.”

    From The Role of Common Factors in Psychotherapy Outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as Dowrick et al. 2000

    The Implications section identifies Dowrick et al. as the largest trial to date of problem-solving treatment. Statistical methods discusses the trial’s sample size and power, but does not give a detectable differential effect size of d = 0.42. The paper also does not address an average study of 52 patients or d = 0.79. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Cases were randomly assigned to one of three trial groups: individual problem-solving treatment, group depression prevention course, or treatment as usual, to optimize comparability across groups.

    “cases were randomly assigned to one of three trial groups, receiving either six individual sessions of individual problem-solving treatment, eight sessions of a group depression prevention course, or treatment as usual (controls).”

    From The role of personality disorder in 'difficult to reach' patients with depression: Findings from the ODIN study (2007) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Study design section says cases were randomly allocated to trial groups, and the Abstract lists six individual problem-solving sessions, eight group depression-prevention sessions, and controls. The paper describes the controls as receiving “no intervention,” not “treatment as usual.” It does not explicitly give optimizing comparability as the reason for random assignment. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Centre 5 twelve-month difference has the wrong sign

    Minor

    The reported treatment and control percentages are 51% and 50%, respectively. Their treatment-minus-control difference is +1 percentage point, not −1.

    Reported -1 · recomputed 1

  • Centre 1 has more six-month control outcomes than interviews

    Minor

    Table 3 records 17 control interviews at six months in centre 1, whereas table 5 uses 19 controls as the denominator for that centre's six-month outcome.

  • Centre 2 has conflicting twelve-month treatment counts

    Minor

    Table 3 records 21 treatment interviews at 12 months for centre 2, while table 5 uses 22 as the denominator for its outcome.

  • Centre 7 twelve-month treatment percentage is miscalculated

    Minor

    Eleven of 17 participants is approximately 65%, rather than the reported 68%.

    Reported 68 · recomputed 64.705882

  • Depression-prevention refusal percentage is understated

    Minor

    Table 4 reports 32 refusals among 108 people offered depression prevention. That is about 29.6%, which rounds to 30%, not 29%.

    Reported 29 · recomputed 29.62963

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [1]1. Ormel J, von Korff M, Ustun T, Pini S, Korten A, Oldehinkel T. Common mental disorders and disability across cultures. JAMA 1994;272:1741-8.
  2. [3]3. Goldberg D, Huxley P. Common mental disorders: a biosocial model. London: Routledge, 1992.
  3. [13]13. Muñoz R. The depression prevention course (revised edition 1998). Unpublished manual. Available from the author: University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Dowrick, C., Dunn, G., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Dalgard, O. S., Page, H., Lehtinen, V., Casey, P., Wilkinson, C., Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., & Wilkinson, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Liverpool (GB)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
  • University of Oslo (NO)
  • University College Dublin (IE)
  • University of Wales (GB)
Corresponding author
Dowrick, C.
ORCID
Venue
BMJ
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2000-12-09
Volume
321
Issue
7274
Pages
1450-1450
ISSN
  • 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
  • 0959-8138
  • 1468-5833
DOI
10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1450
PMC
PMC27549
OpenAlex
W2140850139
Semantic Scholar
d35ffc1457dd92e337553867ff670dcf31bef458
Cited by
228
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI
9.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • BMJ (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
problem-solving therapy, group psychoeducation, depression prevention, depression, adjustment disorder, community mental health, treatment acceptability, treatment completion, depressive symptoms, number needed to treat, antidepressant treatment
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Depressive Disorder, Europe, Humans, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Problem Solving, Psychotherapy, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

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