Effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood pressure and body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: To synthesise current evidence for the effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood pressure and body weight. Design: Meta-analysis of available data from randomised controlled trials comparing Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues with placebo, active antidiabetic drug therapy or lifestyle intervention. Participants: Patients with type 2 diabetes. Outcome measures: Weighted mean differences between trial arms for changes in heart rate, blood pressure and body weight, after a minimum of 12-week follow-up. Results: 32 trials were included. Overall, GLP-1 agonists increased the heart rate by 1.86 beats/min (bpm) (95% CI 0.85 to 2.87) versus placebo and 1.90 bpm (1.30 to 2.50) versus active control. This effect was more evident for liraglutide and exenatide long-acting release than for exenatide twice daily. GLP-1 agonists decreased systolic blood pressure by −1.79 mm Hg (−2.94 to −0.64) and −2.39 mm Hg (−3.35 to −1.42) compared to placebo and active control, respectively. Reduction in diastolic blood pressure failed to reach statistical significance (−0.54 mm Hg (−1.15 to 0.07) vs placebo and −0.50 mm Hg (−1.24 to 0.24) vs active control). Body weight decreased by −3.31 kg (−4.05 to −2.57) compared to active control, but by only −1.22 kg (−1.51 to −0.93) compared to placebo. Conclusions: GLP-1 analogues are associated with a small increase in heart rate and modest reductions in body weight and blood pressure. Mechanisms underlying the rise in heart rate require further investigation.
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Liraglutide's efficacy in lowering glucose levels has been established, and it has been associated with slight reductions in weight and blood pressure.
“Its efficacy in lowering glucose levels has been established, and it has been associated with slight reductions in weight and blood pressure.6–8”
From Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
The Key messages and Results (Body weight; Blood pressure) support modest reductions in weight and systolic blood pressure with liraglutide and exenatide. The paper does not assess glucose-lowering efficacy; that part appears in titles in its References, but is not established by this analysis. Diastolic blood-pressure reductions were not statistically significant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLiraglutide has been associated with an increase in pulse rate.
“It has been associated with an increase in pulse rate.7,8”
From Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Liraglutide is known to increase heart rate by approximately 3 bpm.
“Liraglutide is known to increase heart rate with approximately 3 bpm (36)”
From Effect of liraglutide on atrial natriuretic peptide, adrenomedullin, and copeptin in PCOS (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Robinson, L. E., Holt, T. A., Rees, K., Randeva, H. S., & O'Hare, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Corresponding author
- Holt, Tim A
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e001986
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3563145
- OpenAlex
- W2109677274
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 6.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2010-13-005)
- Novo Nordisk
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- exenatide, liraglutide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, type 2 diabetes, heart rate, blood pressure, body weight, exenatide twice daily, diabetes treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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