Self-guided internet-based and mobile-based stress management for employees: results of a randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This randomised controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a self-guided internet-based stress management intervention (iSMI) for employees compared to a 6-month wait-list control group (WLC) with full access for both groups to treatment as usual. METHOD: A sample of 264 employees with elevated symptoms of perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-10 ≥22) was randomly assigned to either the iSMI or to the WLC. The iSMI consisted of seven sessions and one booster session including problem-solving and emotion regulation techniques. Self-report data were assessed at baseline, at 7 weeks and at 6 months following randomisation. The primary outcome was perceived stress (PSS-10). The secondary outcomes included other relevant mental-related and work-related health outcomes. Data were analysed based on intention-to-treat principles. RESULTS: The iSMI participants showed a significantly higher reduction in perceived stress from baseline to post-treatment at 7 weeks (d=0.96, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.21) and to the 6-month follow-up (d=0.65, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.89) compared to the WLC. Significant differences with small to moderate effect sizes were also found for depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, sleeping problems, worrying, mental health-related quality of life, psychological detachment, emotion regulation skills and presenteeism, in favour of the experimental group. At the 6 -month follow-up, all outcomes remained significantly better for the experimental group with the exception of work engagement, physical health-related quality of life and absenteeism, which were not found to significantly differ between the iSMI and WLC groups. CONCLUSIONS: The iSMI investigated in this study was found to be effective in reducing typical mental-related and work-related health symptoms of stressed employees. Internet-based self-guided interventions could be an acceptable, effective and potentially cost-effective approach to reduce the negative consequences associated with work-related stress.
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Most interventions (18/28, 64%) focused on reducing stress and depressive symptoms in employees.
“Most interventions (18/28, 64%) were focused on reducing stress [21-35] and depressive symptoms [23,31,36-39] in employees.”
From Acceptability of Web-Based Mental Health Interventions in the Workplace: Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
In the guided GET.ON Stress format, significant improvements were made on measures related to mental health, work-related health, and skills and competences related to emotional regulation at both assessment points compared with controls.
“Significant improvements were also made the intervention group on measures related to mental health, work-related health, and skills and competences related to emotional regulation at both assessment points compared with controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
In the self-guided GET.ON Stress format, significant medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.96) and at 6-month follow-up (d = 0.65) were reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls.
“With regard to the self-guided format, significant medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.96) and 6-month follow-up (d = 0.65) were reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
Twelve of the individual-focused studies (14-26) were considered to be of moderate methodological quality, with the remainder classified as low or very low in quality.
“Twelve of these studies (14-26) were considered to be of moderate methodological quality, with the remainder classified as low or very low in quality”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
In the self-guided GET.ON Stress format, significant small to medium improvements were made on measures related to mental health and work skills and competences (d = 0.30-0.69) at both assessment points compared with controls.
“Significant small to medium improvements were also made the intervention group on measures related to mental health and work skills and competences (d = 0.30-0.69) at both assessment points compared with controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
In the self-guided GET.ON Stress format, no improvements were made on measures of absenteeism, work engagement, or physical health-related quality of life.
“No improvements were made on measures of absenteeism, work engagement, or physical health-related quality of life”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
In the guided GET.ON Stress format, medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.79) and at 6-month follow-up (d = 0.85) were reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls.
“Similar positive improvements were also found for the guided intervention program, with medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.79) and 6-month follow-up (d = 0.85) reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
There was some low-to-moderate quality evidence to indicate that individual-focused web-based interventions could contribute to positive psychological outcomes for employees, with large effect sizes following intervention compared with controls in some cases.
“There was some low-to-moderate quality evidence to indicate that such interventions could contribute to positive psychological outcomes for employees, with large effect sizes following intervention compared with controls in some cases14,15,17,18,21,53).”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-help interventions can evidently promote crucial processes of change in stress and well-being.
“self-help interventions are easily accessible, inexpensive (Ebert et al., 2016, Marks and Cavanagh, 2009), and can evidently promote crucial processes of change in stress and well-being.”
From The link between stress, well-being, and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy self-help intervention (2018) · cites this paper as Ebert et al., 2016
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ebert, D. D., Heber, E., Berking, M., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., Funk, B., & Lehr, D.
- Affiliations
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg (DE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ebert, David Daniel
- ORCID
- Venue
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2016-02-16
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 315-323
- ISSN
- 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 1351-0711
- 1470-7926
- OpenAlex
- W2276981644
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 29.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OPUS FAU (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV), on behalf of the Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- self-guided intervention, mobile-based interventions, occupational stress, perceived stress, workers, problem-solving training, emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, sleep disorders, psychological detachment, presenteeism, mental health-related quality of life, work engagement, absenteeism
- MeSH terms
- Absenteeism, Adult, Mental Disorders, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Problem Solving, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life, Self Care, Sleep Wake Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Occupational Exposure, Treatment Outcome, Telemedicine, Internet, Cell Phone, Self Report
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