Internet- and mobile-based stress management for employees with adherence-focused guidance: efficacy and mechanism of change
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an internet-based stress management intervention (iSMI) among employees compared to a 6-month waitlist control group (WLC) with full access to treatment-as-usual. METHOD: A sample of 264 employees with elevated symptoms of perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-10 ≥22) was assigned to either the iSMI or WLC group. The iSMI consisted of seven sessions and one booster session including problem-solving and emotion regulation techniques. Participants received guidance from an e-coach that focused on improving the adherence to the intervention. Self-report data were assessed at baseline, seven weeks, and six months following randomization. The primary outcome was perceived stress (PSS-10). The secondary outcomes included other relevant mental and work-related health outcomes. RESULTS: The iSMI participants showed a significantly higher reduction in perceived stress from baseline to seven weeks [d=0.79, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.54-1.04] and the 6-month follow up (d=0.85, 95% CI 0.59-1.10) compared to controls. Significant moderate-to-large effect sizes were also found for depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, sleeping problems, worrying, quality of life (mental health), psychological detachment and emotion regulation skills. Work engagement, quality of life (physical health), absenteeism and presenteeism were not found to significantly differ between the iSMI and WLC groups. Changes in emotion regulation regarding general distress mediated changes in perceived stress. CONCLUSION: The iSMI investigated in this study was found to be effective in reducing typical symptoms of stress. However, several important work-related health symptoms were not significantly affected by the intervention. Internet-based guided self-help interventions could be an acceptable, effective approach to reduce a range of negative consequences associated with work-related stress. Future studies should investigate the comparative (cost-) effectiveness of guided and unguided stress management interventions.
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Computer-assisted programs have been evaluated in many countries in general, student, and corporate populations.
“They have been evaluated in many countries in general, student, and corporate populations [24-36].”
From Efficacy of Seren@ctif, a computer-based stress management program for patients with adjustment disorder with anxiety: Protocol for a controlled trial (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
In the self-guided GET.ON Stress format, no improvements were made on measures of absenteeism, work engagement, or physical health-related quality of life.
“No improvements were made on measures of absenteeism, work engagement, or physical health-related quality of life”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Twelve of the individual-focused studies (14-26) were considered to be of moderate methodological quality, with the remainder classified as low or very low in quality.
“Twelve of these studies (14-26) were considered to be of moderate methodological quality, with the remainder classified as low or very low in quality”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the guided GET.ON Stress format, medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.79) and at 6-month follow-up (d = 0.85) were reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls.
“Similar positive improvements were also found for the guided intervention program, with medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.79) and 6-month follow-up (d = 0.85) reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the self-guided GET.ON Stress format, significant small to medium improvements were made on measures related to mental health and work skills and competences (d = 0.30-0.69) at both assessment points compared with controls.
“Significant small to medium improvements were also made the intervention group on measures related to mental health and work skills and competences (d = 0.30-0.69) at both assessment points compared with controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the self-guided GET.ON Stress format, significant medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.96) and at 6-month follow-up (d = 0.65) were reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls.
“With regard to the self-guided format, significant medium to large reductions in perceived stress postintervention (d = 0.96) and 6-month follow-up (d = 0.65) were reported for participants in the intervention group versus waitlist controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
In the guided GET.ON Stress format, significant improvements were made on measures related to mental health, work-related health, and skills and competences related to emotional regulation at both assessment points compared with controls.
“Significant improvements were also made the intervention group on measures related to mental health, work-related health, and skills and competences related to emotional regulation at both assessment points compared with controls”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“The effect in this study was larger compared with previous internet-based stress management studies, including recovery techniques and the REQ [46,81,82].”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Heber, E., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., & Berking, M.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg (DE)
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
- Published
- 2016-06-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 382-394
- ISSN
- 0355-3140 (ISSN-L)
- 1795-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2462644484
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 20.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (2007DE161PR001, ZW6‐80119999, CCI 2007DE161PR001, EFRE: ZW6-80119999, CCI 2007DE161PR001)
- European Regional Development Fund (ZW6-80119999, CCI 2007DE161PR001, 2007DE161PR001)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- mobile-based interventions, occupational stress, perceived stress, e-coaching, intervention adherence, emotion regulation, problem solving, depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, sleep disorders, psychological detachment, work engagement, absenteeism, presenteeism, quality of life, mechanisms of change, guided self-help
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Emotions, Humans, Problem Solving, Sleep Wake Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Occupational Health, Internet, Cell Phone, Self Report
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