The DOI matches its Crossref record; 159 of the 166 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 137 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications
Open accessAbstract
Temporal information retrieval has been a topic of great interest in recent years. Its purpose is to improve the effectiveness of information retrieval methods by exploiting temporal information in documents and queries. In this article, we present a survey of the existing literature on temporal information retrieval. In addition to giving an overview of the field, we categorize the relevant research, describe the main contributions, and compare different approaches. We organize existing research to provide a coherent view, discuss several open issues, and point out some possible future research directions in this area. Despite significant advances, the area lacks a systematic arrangement of prior efforts and an overview of state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, an effective end-to-end temporal retrieval system that exploits temporal information to improve the quality of the presented results remains undeveloped.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This survey reviews temporal information retrieval (T-IR), organizing prior work on temporal annotation, extraction from web resources, and temporal web IR tasks such as crawling, indexing, query processing, ranking, clustering, classification, search engines, and future-related retrieval. It concludes that despite advances, the area lacks a systematic overview and an effective end-to-end temporal retrieval system remains undeveloped.
Key findings
- T-IR combines traditional document relevance with temporal relevance; timeliness/currency is treated as one of five key aspects of document quality, alongside relevance, accuracy, objectivity, and coverage.
- Explicit temporal queries are rare: about 1.5% of all queries [Nunes et al. 2008], reduced to 1.21% after accounting for false positives [Campos et al. 2011b]. Implicit temporal query studies report varying profiles: 54% atemporal and 46% temporally ambiguous [Jones and Diaz 2007]; only 7% implicit temporal [Metzler et al. 2009]; 10% never spiked, 47% spiked once, and 43% spiked multiple times [Kulkarni et al. 2011]; 75% atemporal and 25% implicit temporal [Campos et al. 2011c].
- Temporal tagger evaluations: GUTime achieved F1 0.85 for recognition and 0.82 for normalization on TERN 2004; in TempEval-2, SuTime achieved the best extraction F1 of 0.92 versus HeidelTime’s 0.86, while HeidelTime achieved the best normalization F1 of 0.85 versus SuTime’s 0.82.
- Web temporal evidence: among 62,842 web snippets, roughly 10% contain explicit temporal information; among 508 web snippets, 82.48% of future dates relate to the near future and 17.52% to a further future. The Internet Archive reportedly grows at 100 terabytes per month and has over 350 billion archived web pages, later cited as more than 357 billion.
Methods
- Design: literature survey of existing T-IR research; it categorizes relevant research, describes main contributions, compares approaches, organizes existing research, and discusses open issues and future directions.
- Data/sample: no primary dataset or experiment; it synthesizes prior literature and references datasets/collections such as TimeBank, TimeML, the New York Times Annotated Corpus, ClueWeb09/12, web query logs, web snippets, news archives, and Twitter.
- Analysis: qualitative narrative synthesis and taxonomy across temporal annotation, temporal information extraction, web temporal feature extraction (metadata, content, usage), and temporal web IR stages including crawling, indexing, query processing, ranking, clustering, classification, search engines, and future-related retrieval.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the area lacks a systematic arrangement of prior efforts and an overview of state-of-the-art approaches; an effective end-to-end temporal retrieval system that exploits temporal information to improve result quality remains undeveloped.
- Stated in the paper: evaluation is difficult because the community often lacks a gold standard; most research has a rather specific scope; query log access outside industry is impeded by privacy/legal concerns; temporal taggers are often language- and domain-specific; metadata timestamps are often unavailable or unreliable and may differ from focus time.
- Evident from the text: as a survey, it presents no new empirical experiments or primary validation; its findings and numbers are drawn from cited studies, so coverage and conclusions depend on the selected literature.
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Claims the paper makes
86 Own interpretation · 70 No full text of the sources · 39 No basis given · 34 Sources not found · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Partly supported · 3 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“[Berberich et al. 2005] introduced two approaches based on link analysis, T-Rank Light and T-Rank, taking into account both the freshness (i.e., the timestamps of the most recent updates) and the activity (i.e., update rates) of pages as well as links to retrieve recent documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.1. Recency-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Berberich et al. 2005 source
The Abstract says the paper introduces T-Rank Light and T-Rank as link-analysis approaches using the freshness and activity of pages and links, with the same definitions given in the claim. It frames these temporal factors as relevant to ranking query results for users interested in recent information. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“[Campos et al. 2012b, Campos et al. 2014] who identified the relevant temporal expressions extracted from web snippets by clustering in which documents were grouped into the same cluster if they share a common relevant year.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Campos et al. 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Campos et al. 2014 source
The Introduction describes identifying relevant temporal expressions from Web snippets and grouping documents that share a common year. The System Overview specifies that GTE scores candidate years, irrelevant years are discarded, and snippets are clustered by their relevant years. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“[Inagaki et al. 2010] also proposed a set of novel temporal click features and query reformulation chains to improve the machine learning recency-sensitive ranking”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.1. Recency-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Inagaki et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says the authors propose temporal click features to improve machine-learned recency ranking and leverage query chains to smooth those features. It describes query reformulation chains as an existing concept, rather than something the authors proposed. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“[Styskin et al. 2011] who relied on a recencysensitive query classifier to apply result diversification by combining ordinary search results with fresh documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.1. Recency-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Styskin et al. 2011 source
The Conclusions state that the authors developed a multi-grade recency-sensitive query classifier and used it to diversify ordinary search results with fresh documents. The Introduction also describes blending recent results into the result set based on the predicted need for recent content. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some methods determine a document's timestamp, few tackled the problem of determining the document focus time, especially in the case of the lack or the scarcity of temporal expressions within the document content.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This work compares the amount and the typical topics of information related to the near or distant future and finds that significant amount of near-term future-related information refers to the events scheduled to happen until the end of current calendar year.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.8. Future-related Information Retrieval
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jatowt et al. 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, none of the research studies has proposed time period query expansion”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Temporal Web Image Retrieval
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite the fact that documents are full of temporal expressions and many have strong temporal characteristics, current IR systems still do not sufficiently exploit this information.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Documents are full of temporal expressions and many have strong temporal characteristics.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although relying on web query logs may be a valid solution to infer the temporal value of implicit temporal queries, access to real-world query logs outside big industrial labs is particularly difficult and a huge impediment to information retrieval research.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, like its predecessor it fails to extract information from free text corpora, which is a limitation.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 151
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Another temporal tagger is GUTime which extends the capabilities of TempEx [Mani and Wilson 2000] by adding TIMEX3 tags.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Mani and Wilson 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Overall Architecture section describes a temporal tagger that identifies and resolves time expressions, supporting the reference to an earlier tagger. But the copy does not name it TempEx or say that GUTime extends it by adding TIMEX3 tags (searched: GUTime, TempEx, TIMEX3). (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Relative temporal expressions, which were referenced for the first time in 1998 during MUC-7 [Setzer and Gaizauskas 2000], depend on the document publication date or another date near in the context.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Relative Temporal Expressions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Setzer and Gaizauskas 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports that MUC-7 (1998) extended the named-entity task to relative time expressions, and §3.1.2 says such expressions can be relative to the document date. Section 3.1.2 also discusses using context to interpret a date, but our copy does not specifically say that the reference is another nearby date. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“There has also been research on extracting relational facts (e.g., Barack Obama is the president of the USA) from text corpora, which has led to the emergence of large knowledge bases, such as DBpedia 19 [Auer et al. 2007], YAGO 20 [Suchanek et al. 2007] as well as commercial ones, such as Freebase 21 [Bollacker et al. 2007] and Wolfram Alpha 22 .”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Auer et al. 2007 source
The citation to Auer et al. is attached to DBpedia, not to the other knowledge bases in the sentence. The Introduction describes DBpedia as a large dataset derived from Wikipedia, and Section 2 explains that it extracts semantic relationships from Wikipedia article texts and infoboxes. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Suchanek et al. 2007 source
- Not matchedcites Bollacker et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Next [Zhang et al. 2009] described a re-ranking score adjustment to give a ranking boost to fresh documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.1. Recency-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zhang et al. 2009 source
The Abstract says the method adjusts base retrieval scores so that the freshest documents rank higher. Section 2, “Adaptive score adjustment,” describes the re-ranking function and its adjustment for newer documents. The paper limits this method to year-qualified time-sensitive queries. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the best of our knowledge, there are only a limited number of prototypes in this field.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the growth of research in temporal information retrieval, search engines have started to exploit time to improve their search processes.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, it is necessary to wade through more than 60 web pages in the Google engine search results to find the first reference to the 1950 event.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“several works have been proposed that can be broadly divided into two classes: (1) those favoring more recent documents (recency-sensitive ranking) and (2) those that target documents from different time periods (time-sensitive ranking).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4. Temporal Ranking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“researchers have started to address the problem of returning documents that are not only topically relevant but that are also from the most important time periods.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4. Temporal Ranking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To tackle this problem several research works have been proposed, leading to the emergence of a number of search engine temporal applications.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both classes are closely related to the categories defined in the query processing section”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4. Temporal Ranking
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the best of our knowledge, only three studies have been proposed.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most popular search engines do not explicitly consider the use of the temporal information extracted from web pages”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the construction of an effective end-to-end temporal system remain proposed.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This issue remains unanswered as the temporal visualization of documents is still underexploited by internet users.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Their results suggest that for trending queries, displaying new temporal content can be quite useful for users.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Temporal Aspects of Web Snippets
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Svore et al. 2012 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They also discovered that Wikipedia tends to lag about two hours behind Twitter in terms of page tweets and page views related to the same realworld events.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Osborne et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Step (2) has been well studied so far, and many successful methods have been proposed.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Temporal Web Image Retrieval
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“systems continue to adopt a simplistic approach that reduces temporal expressions to a single point in time rather than to a time span.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Temporal Web Image Retrieval
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such queries represent about 1.5% of all queries [Nunes et al. 2008].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nunes et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These knowledge bases provide countless factual relations among entities, such as people or locations.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, it is not easy to retrieve web documents so that their temporal dimension will meet the user temporal intent underlying the query.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The greatest difficulty in developing an automatic system for detecting temporal expressions is the large diversity of ways in which time can be expressed [Mazur 2012].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.4. Temporal Expressions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mazur 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One consequence is the inconsistency of information, since some facts might only have been true for a particular time (e.g., the relation [Bill Clinton, president of the USA] is only valid from 1993 to 2001).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, note the creation of annotation standard corpora like the TimeBank [Pustejovsky et al. 2006], annotation schemas such as TimeML 10 [Pustejovsky et al. 2003], and the development of temporal taggers [Strötgen and Gertz 2010a].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pustejovsky et al. 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pustejovsky et al. 2003
- Not matchedcites Strötgen and Gertz 2010a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Then label propagation, a semi-supervised learning algorithm, computes the confidence scores of the candidate facts.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al. 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leveraging such temporal information enables researchers to create knowledgeable retrieval mechanisms that support entity-level temporal queries instead of keyword-based ones.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the lack of an extensive collection of texts annotated with temporal information covering different languages forms an additional problem.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast to the above studies, [Campos et al. 2011c] addressed the profile of implicit temporal queries based on a collection of web snippets and found that 75% are atemporal and 25% have an implicit temporal nature.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Campos et al. 2011c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This procedure demands a rule definition for each different case or language, which may be quite unfeasible for real-world applications.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.1. Metadata
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Metzler et al. 2009] in turn, relied on web query logs to infer the implicit temporal values of queries based on similar explicit temporal queries, concluding that only 7% have an implicit temporal nature.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Metzler et al. 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Annie was also developed in 2002 as part of the GATE 18 distribution [Cunningham et al. 2002].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cunningham et al. 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although an interesting first approach, its restriction to the football domain and the fact that it does not support the extraction of information from free text corpora limits its scope.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A more recent study [Kulkarni et al. 2011] explored query intent changes over 10-week time spans and found that 10% of the queries never spiked (atemporal queries), 47% spiked once (temporal unambiguous queries), and 43% spiked multiple times (temporal ambiguous queries).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kulkarni et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these large-scale projects clearly suggest T-IR's high interest to the public and that it constitutes a promising new research area.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While temporal taggers play an important role in temporal information processing, some works simply use straightforward regular expressions to look for temporal instances.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[Shaparenko et al. 2005] correlated topic events with texts used in a document collection to provide an overview of how topics evolve over time.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.2.1. Topic Detection and Tracking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shaparenko et al. 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though some user information needs may be explicitly expressed, most are implicit by nature.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3. Query Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also approached the problem of determining various temporal dimensions of documents and queries.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Jones and Diaz 2007] asked a few annotators to classify 51 TREC ad hoc queries using TREC topic descriptions and concluded that 54% of the queries belong to the atemporal class and 46% belong to the temporally ambiguous one.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jones and Diaz 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, a clear understanding of the temporal nature of queries is difficult due to query ambiguity, different temporal characteristics of queries or even unknown users' expectations towards the temporality of search results.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These contributions can greatly benefit the process of indexing documents, as well as the ranking of web search results or the clustering of documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As well as harvesting temporal facts and events from Wikipedia, especially from the infoboxes of articles devoted to named events (e.g., historical events, conferences, etc), it also extracts temporal facts from free text, namely, from the full content of Wikipedia articles.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuzey and Weikum 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, finding the document timestamp or related explicit temporal expressions is important, so that the expression can be mapped directly on the timeline as an explicit expression.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Relative Temporal Expressions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, HeidelTime achieved the best performance for the normalization process with an F 1 -measure of 0.85 as opposed SuTime which achieved a score of 0.82.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall T-IE process is usually conducted by temporal taggers, which follow rulebased approaches that are based on regular expressions or local grammar-based techniques and usually involve hard work by experts.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Naturally, since a web page can refer to different points in time, its focus time is better represented by a set of time intervals delimited by the document's oldest and newest temporal references rather than as a single point in time.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.1. Notion of Time
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the web is heterogeneous, multi-lingual, multi-cultural, and highly multi-domain, ambiguity is common.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.2. Content
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, CoTS [Talukdar et al. 2012] temporally scopes relational facts based on change detection in a time series of the number of facts from the Google Books Ngram [Michel et al. 2011] and Gigaword [Graff et al. 2003] datasets.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Talukdar et al. 2012 source
- Not matchedcites Michel et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Graff et al. 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The goal of the TDT project, which was one of the first important research initiatives related to news management, is the exploration of techniques that identify the occurrence of new events to follow their track over time.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.2.1. Topic Detection and Tracking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Allan et al. 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Overall, the results show that the web is constantly changing mainly due to the creation of more and more new pages and, to a lesser extent, the modification of the content of existing ones.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.1. Web Crawling and Web Archiving
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, since 2004, after the introduction of the TERN task as part of the ACE program, Temporal Information Extraction (T-IE) has become an independent task.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“[Makkonen and Ahonen-Myka 2003] suggested an alternative solution by comparing one document with another through a temporal similarity measure.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.2.1. Topic Detection and Tracking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Makkonen and Ahonen-Myka 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SuTime is optimized for English texts and HeidelTime is a multi-lingual temporal tagger (English, German, and Dutch) that is adapted not only to the news domain but also to narrative documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It consists of three main tasks.The first is the Extraction or Recognition of temporal expressions.The second is Normalization to unify the different ways in which temporal expressions can be expressed.Finally, the last task called Temporal Annotation expresses temporal expressions in a standard format.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One reason is that this process is treated as an inherent part of document processing, when in fact it should be an independent task, supported by a two-layered index framework, where both document and temporal features are considered.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.2. Indexing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the advent of the web, the world's largest collection of data, a huge amount of temporal data has become available.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3. EXTRACTING TEMPORAL INFORMATION FROM WEB RESOURCES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The huge volume of the web, however, makes T-IR a difficult task.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, for certain applications there may be no need to use temporal taggers since they may require very specific information, such as year mentions in texts.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since none of these collections includes a wide range of explicit temporal queries, the process of inferring the temporal nature of queries implicitly formulated is hampered.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Time is inherently associated with events [Setzer and Gaizauskas 2000].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.2. Time and Events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Setzer and Gaizauskas 2000 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a rule-based model that extracts temporal information, particularly explicit (e.g., December 24, 2009) and relative temporal expressions (e.g., Monday), and labels them with TIMEX2 tags.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identification of temporal information is a non-trivial task that requires the preprocessing stage of a document that usually involves four steps.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both have been evaluated in the TempEval-2 challenge and achieved competitive results.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they often ignore the temporal dimension (e.g., Barack Obama has been the president of the USA since 2008) and mostly focus on identifying the most salient facts.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“[Swan andAllan 1999, Swan andJensen 2000] proposed a classical hypothesis test to discover time-dependent features that identify the important topics in text documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.2.1. Topic Detection and Tracking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Swan andAllan 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Swan andJensen 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though such information is usually available in news documents, it is particularly difficult to locate within web documents, as we discuss in Section 3.1.1.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Relative Temporal Expressions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their survey, nearly half of the 110 respondents stated that the information for which they search is related to the present (information on the same day); yet a significant fraction also searches for future-related or past-related information.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.1. Recency-Sensitive Queries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Joho et al. 2013 source
plainn = 110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“When addressing the time issue within the realm of database research areas, two types of time are usually distinguished: valid and transaction [Snodgrass and Ahn 1985].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.1. Notion of Time
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Snodgrass and Ahn 1985 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This information can be found within a number of different web sources, from web query logs to collections of web pages or social networks such as Twitter.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3. EXTRACTING TEMPORAL INFORMATION FROM WEB RESOURCES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A more recent study [Kulkarni et al. 2011] explored query intent changes over 10-week time spans and found that 10% of the queries never spiked (atemporal queries), 47% spiked once (temporal unambiguous queries), and 43% spiked multiple times (temporal ambiguous queries).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kulkarni et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A further challenge is that, contrary to the extraction of information within metadata or web contents, which simply requires a set of web search results, extracting temporal information from web query logs implies that some versions of the query have already been issued, thus contributing to query-dependency.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike metadata approaches, the content approach implies an increased level of difficulty since it usually involves linguistic analysis of texts, as discussed in Section 2.5.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.2. Content
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast to the above studies, [Campos et al. 2011c] addressed the profile of implicit temporal queries based on a collection of web snippets and found that 75% are atemporal and 25% have an implicit temporal nature.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Campos et al. 2011c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A more recent study [Kulkarni et al. 2011] explored query intent changes over 10-week time spans and found that 10% of the queries never spiked (atemporal queries), 47% spiked once (temporal unambiguous queries), and 43% spiked multiple times (temporal ambiguous queries).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kulkarni et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the multitude of different forms in which human language allows temporal information to be conveyed [Mazur 2012] as well as language intricacy and ambiguity complicate the task of tagging temporal information in texts more than simply finding the part-of-speech functions of words.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mazur 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It uses a patternbased approach to extract the temporal candidates of facts.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al. 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In their survey, nearly half of the 110 respondents stated that the information for which they search is related to the present (information on the same day); yet a significant fraction also searches for future-related or past-related information.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.1. Recency-Sensitive Queries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Joho et al. 2013 source
plainn = 110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the extraction process, SuTime achieved the best performance with a score of 0.92 in terms of F 1 -measure, while HeidelTime obtained 0.86.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“One of the first works addressing this problem was developed by [Wang et al. 2010] with the T-YAGO knowledge base, which is an extension of YAGO [Suchanek et al. 2007].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another indication of T-IR's importance is the realization of an increasing number of contests and workshops that focus on the temporal aspects of information.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the system still does not allow a free text query search.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.1. Web Crawling and Web Archiving
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, most available temporal taggers are useful for only one language (typically English) and for one domain (usually, the news domain).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, researchers started to address the problem of retrieving web pages that are not only topically relevant but also created during (or that refer to) the most relevant time periods.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other challenges involve determining the document creation time, delimiting, classifying, and normalizing temporal expressions, recognizing events or determining their temporal order [Costa 2013].”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Costa 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More recently, SuTime and HeidelTime have been developed based on a rule-based system to extract and normalize temporal expressions.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Kumaran and Allan 2004], on the other hand, detected new stories by measuring the degree overlap of one story with those that occurred in the past.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.2.1. Topic Detection and Tracking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kumaran and Allan 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TempEx was the first temporal expression tagger to be developed.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the web is constantly changing, it is also becoming more difficult for search engines to maintain up-to-date indexes, which threatens the effectiveness of the search process and the usefulness of search results.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.1. Web Crawling and Web Archiving
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As done above, an integer linear program incorporating temporal constraints temporally scopes the correlated facts and guarantees their temporal consistency.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Talukdar et al. 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, since the web is constantly changing, maintaining up-to-date indexes is becoming more and more difficult.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“GUTime has been evaluated on the TERN 2004 training corpus and achieved F 1 -measure scores of 0.85 and 0.82 for temporal expression recognition and normalization, respectively.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Detecting whether a query requires special treatment in terms of recency analysis is difficult, given that user search intents are usually underspecified.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.1. Recency-Sensitive Queries
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Therefore, as observed by [Alonso et al. 2009b], these expressions require that at least a year appears somewhere close in the text to establish accurate temporal values.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Relative Temporal Expressions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alonso et al. 2009b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Jones and Diaz 2007] asked a few annotators to classify 51 TREC ad hoc queries using TREC topic descriptions and concluded that 54% of the queries belong to the atemporal class and 46% belong to the temporally ambiguous one.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 3.3. Usage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jones and Diaz 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Information science researchers [Metzger 2007] tend to consider timeliness or currency as one of the five key aspects that determine a document's quality; the others are relevance, accuracy, objectivity, and coverage.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 1. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Metzger 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the importance of time for information retrieval, research on time-sensitive fact extraction has only recently been addressed.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The process of searching for information is inherently temporal.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3. Query Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the years, commercial search engines have adopted this solution.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, such information is not available in many documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.2. Time-Sensitive Queries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, all of these approaches rely on the creation date of documents as correct temporal signals, which are far from credible in most cases.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.2. Time-Sensitive Queries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[Holzmann et al. 2012] developed fokas, which is a search engine that offers user query suggestion terms of the original query based on a named entity evolution procedure.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Holzmann et al. 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other problems, as discussed in Section 3.1, are related to the gap that exists between the document timestamp and the time to which the document contents refer”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Alonso et al. 2007a] presented an exploratory search interface that uses timelines to explain and explore search results.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alonso et al. 2007a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“this process can be divided into two categories: (1) determining a document's timestamp, i.e., the time when the document was created, published or lastmodified and (2) determining its focus time, i.e., the time to which its contents refer.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kanhabua and Nørvåg 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“YAGO2 [Hoffart et al. 2011] provided a search interface to seek temporal and spatial knowledge facts in knowledge bases.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hoffart et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Dong et al. 2010b] incorporated fresh URLs extracted from Twitter into a general web search system.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.1. Recency-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dong et al. 2010b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Kanhabua et al. 2011] also proposed a ranking model for future predictions using a learning-to-rank algorithm”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kanhabua et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Garcia Fernandez et al. 2011] proposed a system to automatically determine the publication date of French historical documents based on unsupervised and supervised algorithms.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garcia Fernandez et al. 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, Google has a time feature that allowed users to filter their search results.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Campos et al. 2012b] presented GTE-Cluster, an online temporal search interface”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Campos et al. 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When an event is very likely to happen, usually the date and the time mentioned in news articles are more exact (finer granularity).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 5. PROMISING RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“[Alonso et al. 2009a] introduced TCluster, an overlapping clustering algorithm”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alonso et al. 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Alonso et al. 2009a] proposed a measure to rank documents within a cluster based on the number of times a query occurs in a sentence with explicit, implicit, and relative temporal expressions.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alonso et al. 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Alonso and Gertz 2006] described a prototype that provides users with an alternative presentation of the results by a hit list of documents clustered by temporal attributes.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Alonso and Gertz 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Particularly, future-related information is inherently uncertain in contrast to past-related information.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 5. PROMISING RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“[Shaparenko et al. 2005] tracked events over time by clustering.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shaparenko et al. 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most fail to exploit the inherent temporal issue of historical collections.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Temporal Text Similarity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this solution may be very effective to filter in more detail recently published documents, it may prove inefficient when the user is seeking timely information about a given topic.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, future information retrieval is a promising T-IR trend that offers many advantages”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.8. Future-related Information Retrieval
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The uncertainty of a future event influences the precision of temporal expressions in news articles.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 5. PROMISING RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“[Strötgen and Gertz 2010b], for example, presented a prototype system called TimeTrails for the extraction, querying, storage, and exploration of the spatio-temporal information stored in text documents.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Strötgen and Gertz 2010b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Such an approach is limited however by two main constraints: (1) the need to have a huge set of external documents and (2) the requirement that the last-modified dates exist in a set of external sources”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nunes et al. 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[Jin et al. 2008] proposed a new ranking algorithm to sort results by applying a linear interpolation of three factors: text similarity, temporal information, and page importance.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jin et al. 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Matthews et al. 2010] proposed Time Explorer, a timeline search tool”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Matthews et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Another work [Alonso et al. 2009a] outlined a prototype implementation as a web interface where users can explore results by clusters returned in response to a query.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alonso et al. 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Dai and Davison 2010] estimated the web page authority by determining the variation of page and in-link freshness over time and incorporated this information into a temporal ranking probabilistic model called T-Fresh.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.1. Recency-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dai and Davison 2010 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimating the relevance of a document can greatly benefit from the introduction of temporal aspects into ranking models.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4. Temporal Ranking
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Their results show that predicting the popularity of queries by time series analysis and periodicity estimation is more reliable than straightforwardly using information on past query popularity derived from web query logs.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.2. Time-Sensitive Queries
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shokouhi and Radinsky 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“the works of [Alonso et al. 2009a] and [Campos et al. 2012b] introduced the notion of temporal clusters, which can also be used to associate each document with a given time span.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alonso et al. 2009a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Campos et al. 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Jatowt et al. 2007] proposed using web archives to compare the content of the current version of a web page with its past versions in order to estimate approximate age of different content elements on the page.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jatowt et al. 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the fact that the user has to specify a given time period naturally represents a shortcoming in terms of the user experience.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One problem is the validity of future-related information, which arises from the gap between the timestamp (e.g., creation time) and its reading time.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 5. PROMISING RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Pasca 2008] proposed a temporal question answering system which defines regular expressions to detect dates that meet certain requirements.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pasca 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the probability of one event may be dependent on the probabilities of other related events.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 5. PROMISING RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Events are not totally independent from one another.
In the paper
“[Kawai et al. 2010] proposed an on-demand search engine called ChronoSeeker”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kawai et al. 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Efron 2012] proposed survival analysis 40 to incorporate recency information into document ranking”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.1. Recency-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Efron 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach is usually used by traditional search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing in news domains or with spike phenomena”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Both used neighboring pages to estimate the document creation date or the last-modified date”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obviously, users will greatly benefit if a search engine system can explore the temporal information within web pages.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“[Jatowt and Yeung 2011] proposed a clustering algorithm to detect future events based on the information extracted from a reference text corpus.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jatowt and Yeung 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the used documents must be timestamped and cover the time period of the queries.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.2. Time-Sensitive Queries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“[Nunes et al. 2007] employed link structure analysis by considering three types of features derived from the web, incoming links, outgoing links, and HTML src attributes”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.6. Temporal Text Classification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nunes et al. 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clear understanding of the query temporal nature offers search engines the chance to decide whether to return more historical or more recent information to provide the most relevant results.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.3.2. Time-Sensitive Queries
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly evident for implicit temporal queries”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A more elaborate mechanism gives users the possibility to specify a point-in-time or a temporal interval of their interest to filter out results outside that time period.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Jin et al. 2008] introduced TISE, a temporal search engine that supports content time retrieval for Chinese web pages.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jin et al. 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“[Jatowt et al. 2009] introduced a clustering approach to summarize futurerelated information using text content, the content dates, and the timestamps of future predictions.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.4.2. Time-Sensitive Ranking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jatowt et al. 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yahoo, on the other hand, has been experimenting with basic temporal refinement in their web search engine to filter results by the publication time of the document”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.7. Temporal Search Engines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“showing that text similarity cannot rely on words but rather on concepts.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Temporal Text Similarity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A further problem is related to the difficulty of evaluating research proposals, since in many cases the community still lacks a gold standard to which most of the approaches can be compared.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The community still lacks a gold standard to which most approaches can be compared.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important aspect of this is the availability of trustworthy temporal data that allows posts to be arranged from the latest to the oldest.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Popular social networks like Facebook or Twitter also include temporal evidence in their timelines and message posts.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is also much research on using temporal information for exploration and search purposes.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A temporal query can be used to obtain images of past or future objects (e.g., car).”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Temporal Web Image Retrieval
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both TempSum and KBA are constrained to the information on a given past event or entity and focus on a particular type of information, such as event attributes or event relations.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both subtasks have clear temporal characteristics because the discovered updates have to be timely and relevant.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A relatively large research focus has been put on using temporal information for exploration and search purposes, as previously stated in Section 1.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further evidence is the recent development of research projects that address the archiving, the analysis, and the access to the temporal web.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The extraction of time references from twitter messages, however, can be a particularly difficult task mostly due to its informal communication style nature and short message length (e.g.,”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.8. Future-related Information Retrieval
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to the Temporal Summarization Task, the recency of information is critical.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In recent years, time has been gaining increased importance in information retrieval and in a large number of its sub-areas.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This new type of data poses, however, some new problems, mostly due to its short message length.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the highly dynamic characteristic of tweets can be better assessed to promote tweets with high informational value at given time points.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Time-focused Visual Search Interfaces
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a number of significant advances must be made before search engines can entirely understand the temporality of a query and correctly reflect it in their returned results.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, in the area of temporal IR and temporal information extraction, several research challenges have been proposed.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research in information retrieval and extraction is often fostered through the availability of standardized, open test collections and the proposals of task challenges, thanks to which research communities can compare diverse approaches to the same problems.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the growing importance of the area, this recent research trend is still without immediate or at least visible effects for average users since most of the researches developed so far have a rather specific scope.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 6. CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Most researches developed so far have a rather specific scope.
The paper relies on this without support.
The area lacks a systematic arrangement of prior efforts and an overview of state-of-the-art approaches.
“Despite significant advances, the area lacks a systematic arrangement of prior efforts and an overview of state-of-the-art approaches.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An effective end-to-end temporal retrieval system that exploits temporal information to improve the quality of presented results remains undeveloped.
“Moreover, an effective end-to-end temporal retrieval system that exploits temporal information to improve the quality of the presented results remain undeveloped.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The value of information and its quality are intrinsically time-dependent.
“The value of information and its quality are intrinsically time-dependent.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In web search scenarios, a document's reading time is the same as the time a search query was issued.
“In web search scenarios, a document's reading time is assumed to be the same as the time a search query was issued since users often access search results immediately after performing a search.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Events are not totally independent from one another.
“Often events are not totally independent from one another.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Newer information is more reliable than old information.
“In addition, paying attention to the timestamp of predictions is critical because newer information is more reliable than old information.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Microblog collections like tweets or Facebook posts usually include temporal information.
“Also important is the emergence of microblog collections, like tweets or Facebook posts that usually include temporal information.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Documents are full of temporal expressions and many have strong temporal characteristics.
“However, despite the fact that documents are full of temporal expressions and many have strong temporal characteristics, current IR systems still do not sufficiently exploit this information.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traditional IR systems continue to treat temporal expressions as normal text terms.
“As an example, when a user's information quest includes temporal aspects, traditional IR systems may fail because they continue to treat temporal expressions as normal text terms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most researches developed so far have a rather specific scope.
“Despite the growing importance of the area, this recent research trend is still without immediate or at least visible effects for average users since most of the researches developed so far have a rather specific scope.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The community still lacks a gold standard to which most approaches can be compared.
“A further problem is related to the difficulty of evaluating research proposals, since in many cases the community still lacks a gold standard to which most of the approaches can be compared.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Image retrieval queries may sometimes have an explicit or implicit temporal intent.
“Like in document retrieval, image retrieval queries may sometimes have an explicit or implicit temporal intent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In unstructured collections such as the web, many images do not contain explicit metadata that can be easily retrieved.
“However, in unstructured collections such as the web, many images do not contain explicit metadata that can be easily retrieved.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Predicting a query's temporal intent is a critical step to decide appropriate ranking.
“Predicting a query's temporal intent is a critical step to decide appropriate ranking.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 4.2. Indexing
“The component responsible for this task is the document processing module that requires the execution of four steps: tokenization, stopping, stemming, and information extraction, which were already described in Section 2.5.”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
“The first one is Tokenization, which divides the text into words or phrases.The second is the Sentence Extraction process that identifies the set of all sentences in texts.The third is the part-ofspeech tagging (POS) process where tokens are assigned a part-of-speech.Finally, the fourth step, Named-entity Recognition (NER), identifies the proper nouns in documents.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > 2.5. Temporal Information Extraction
“Another extension of the YAGO knowledge base is the YAGO2 system [Hoffart et al. 2011]”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > References
“66. Hoffart, J., Suchanek, F.M., Berberich, K., and Weikum, G. 2013. YAGO2: A spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > Memory Studies and Computational History
“[Odijk et al. 2012, Reinanda et al. 2013, Michel et al. 2011, Matthews et al. 2010]”
§ Survey of Temporal Information Retrieval and Related Applications > References
“125. Reinanda, R., Odijk, D., and de Rijke, M. 2012. Exploring Entity Associations Over Time.”
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GTE-Cluster: A Temporal Search Interface for Implicit Temporal Queries
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Self-citationProcessing Temporal Information in Unstructured Documents
Ciências, F. D. (2012) · Cited by 2
Annotating Events and Temporal Information in Newswire Texts
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(2003)
(2005) · University of Twente Research Information
(2009)
(2012)
(2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
(2012) · International Conference on Computational Linguistics
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Metadata
- Authors
- Campos, R., Dias, G., Jorge, A. M., & Jatowt, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Beira Interior (PT)
- GREYC (FR)
- LIAAD -- INESC TEC, DCC-FCUP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Venue
- ACM Computing Surveys
- Published
- 2014-08-25
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-41
- ISSN
- 0360-0300 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7341
- OpenAlex
- W2039297031
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 51.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- ACM Computing Surveys (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
- Center of Mathematics, University of Beira Interior, within project PEst-OE/MAT/UI0212/2014
- Project NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000059
- JST research promotion program Presto
- National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)
- MEXT Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists B (#22700096)
- North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (ON.2 -- O Novo Norte)
- National Funds through the FCT within project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-037281
- Portuguese funding agency (FCT)
- ERDF through the COMPETE Programme (operational programme for competitiveness)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Theoretical Computer Science › Algorithms and Data Compression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Keywords
- temporal information retrieval, temporal queries, research categorization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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