Exosomes
Open accessAbstract
Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted organelles of ∼30 to ∼200 nm in diameter that have the same topology as the cell and are enriched in selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes contain an array of membrane-associated, high-order oligomeric protein complexes, display pronounced molecular heterogeneity, and are created by budding at both plasma and endosome membranes. Exosome biogenesis is a mechanism of protein quality control, and once released, exosomes have activities as diverse as remodeling the extracellular matrix and transmitting signals and molecules to other cells. This pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic plays important roles in many aspects of human health and disease, including development, immunity, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, viruses co-opt exosome biogenesis pathways both for assembling infectious particles and for establishing host permissiveness. On the basis of these and other properties, exosomes are being developed as therapeutic agents in multiple disease models.
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Exosomes are endosomal-derived and are 10-150 nm in diameter.
“Exosomes are, among them, endosomal-derived and are 10–150 nm in diameter [12,13].”
From Ferroptosis-dependent extracellular vesicles from macrophage contribute to asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis through loading ferritin (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Exosome internalization occurs either by vesicle-cell fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis or phagocytosis.
“Mechanisms for internalization of various EVs remain unelucidated whereas exosome internalization occurs either by vesicle-cell fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis or phagocytosis [12].”
From Ferroptosis-dependent extracellular vesicles from macrophage contribute to asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis through loading ferritin (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In the mouse model, massive expression of CD63 (an EV marker) was found inside and outside various cells, including macrophages, myofibroblasts and mesothelial cells.
“In the model we found massive expression of CD63, a marker of EVs [12,13], inside and also outside of various cells, including macrophages, myofibroblasts and mesothelial cells.”
From Ferroptosis-dependent extracellular vesicles from macrophage contribute to asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis through loading ferritin (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Exosomes can be used as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis, grading, and prognosis prediction.
“In clinical practice, it can be used as a biomarker for tumor diagnosis, grading, and prognosis prediction 191,192.”
From Artificial intelligence in pancreatic cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [191]
Cites
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Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer
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Tetherin is an exosomal tether
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Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Challenges
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Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes
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Exosome engineering: Current progress in cargo loading and targeted delivery
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The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation
Zhou, X., Xie, F., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Fang, M., & Zhou, F. (2020) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0391-1 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Exosomes as bio-inspired nanocarriers for RNA delivery: preparation and applications
Amiri, A., Bagherifar, R., Ansari Dezfouli, E., Kiaie, S. H., Jafari, R., & Ramezani, R. (2022) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03325-7 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The tissue origin effect of extracellular vesicles on cartilage and bone regeneration
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The Tumor Microenvironment in Tumorigenesis and Therapy Resistance Revisited
Dzobo, K., Senthebane, D. A., & Dandara, C. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15020376 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Exosome for mRNA delivery: Strategies and therapeutic applications
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Exosome-mediated mRNA delivery in vivo is safe and can be used to induce SARS-CoV-2 immunity
Tsai, S. J., Atai, N. A., Cacciottolo, M., Nice, J., Salehi, A., Guo, C., Sedgwick, A., Kanagavelu, S., & Gould, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101266 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationArtificial intelligence in pancreatic cancer
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Strategies for the use of Extracellular Vesicles for the Delivery of Therapeutics
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Anti-PD-1 Therapy Response Predicted by the Combination of Exosomal PD-L1 and CD28
Zhang, C., Fan, Y., Che, X., Zhang, M., Li, Z., Li, C., Wang, S., Wen, T., Hou, K., Shao, X., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00760 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Ma, C., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Fu, K., Gong, L., Zhou, H., & Li, Y. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114264 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Pegtel, D. M., & Gould, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2019-06-20
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 487-514
- ISSN
- 0066-4154 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4509
- OpenAlex
- W4249579699
- Cited by
- 2,682
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 226 · 2025: 386 · 2024: 506 · 2023: 494 · 2022: 530 · 2021: 362 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 16 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 23.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (U19CA179563)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- exosomes, exosome biogenesis, extracellular vesicles, membrane budding, protein quality control, extracellular matrix remodeling, signal transmission, viral assembly, exosome therapy, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Extracellular Matrix, Humans, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Exosomes, Protein Multimerization
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