Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders
Open accessAbstract
Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state contributes to long-term complications of diabetes, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and nephropathy, and may underlie the association of type 2 diabetes with other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammation in obesity, T2D, and related disorders. We discuss how chronic tissue inflammation results in IR, impaired insulin secretion, glucose intolerance, and T2D and review the effect of inflammation on diabetic complications and on the relationship between T2D and other pathologies. In this context, we discuss current therapeutic options for the treatment of metabolic disease, advances in the clinic and the potential of immune-modulatory approaches.
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Obesity amplifies systemic inflammation, creating a self-perpetuating cycle that increases risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
“Obesity further amplifies systemic inflammation, creating a self-perpetuating cycle that markedly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes [38].”
From Navigating the potential of algal peptides: health effects, market applications, and scientific challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The Introduction sections on obesity and T2D and on cardiovascular disease link obesity-related inflammation to metabolic dysfunction and CVD. The source does not establish the claimed self-perpetuating cycle or characterize the increase in risk as marked; those parts go beyond the cited passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, abundant in the AD brain, suppress GLUT expression, while oxidative stress further destabilizes and inactivates transporter proteins.
“Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), abundant in the AD brain, suppress GLUT expression, while oxidative stress further destabilizes and inactivates transporter proteins.”
From Toward a Unified Framework in Molecular Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Revisiting the Pathophysiological Hypotheses (2026) · cites this paper as [73]
The “Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease” section says IL-1β is elevated in AD patients’ brains and TNF-α is released by activated microglia. It discusses their effects on APP, Aβ and tau, but does not say they suppress GLUT expression. The searched passages also do not support oxidative stress destabilizing or inactivating transporter proteins; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInflammation is critically implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases.
“Inflammation, as a basic pathological process, is critically implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases.”
From Picroside II as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Our data using Cd68-eGFP mice support previous findings that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, as we observed increased expression numbers of Cd68-eGFP+ cells throughout the mouse.
“Our data using Cd68-eGFP mice support previous findings that obesity is associated with chronic inflammation37, as we observed increased expression numbers of Cd68-eGFP+ cells throughout the mouse.”
From A deep-learning framework reveals whole-body perturbations at cell level (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Rohm, T. V., Meier, D. T., Olefsky, J. M., & Donath, M. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Donath, Marc Y.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-55
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8773457
- OpenAlex
- W4206799195
- Cited by
- 2,066
- References
- 422
- Citations by year
- 2026: 450 · 2025: 649 · 2024: 512 · 2023: 345 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 64.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 375 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30 DK063491, DK101395)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (P2BSP3_200177)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Diseases and Diabetes
- Keywords
- obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, insulin secretion, impaired glucose tolerance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes complications, Alzheimer's disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, retinopathy, immunomodulatory therapy, metabolic disease treatment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Immunomodulation
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