CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 348Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisCriminal Justice and PenologyEducation Discipline and Inequality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Collateral Consequences of Punishment: A Critical Review and Path Forward

Open access
Kirk, David S., Wakefield, Sara·2018·Annual Review of Criminology
DOI 10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092045
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The unprecedented growth of the penal system in the United States has motivated an expansive volume of research on the collateral consequences of punishment. In this review, we take stock of what is known about these collateral consequences, particularly in the domains of health, employment, housing, debt, civic involvement, families, and communities. Yet the full reckoning of the formal and informal consequences of mass incarceration and the tough-on-crime era is hindered by a set of thorny challenges that are both methodological and theoretical in nature. We examine these enduring challenges, which include (a) the importance of minimizing selection bias, (b) consideration of treatment heterogeneity, and (c) identification of causal mechanisms underlying collateral consequences. We conclude the review with a focused discussion on promising directions for future research, including insights into data infrastructure, opportunities for policy tests, and suggestions for expanding the field of inquiry.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092045

Cites

145 of 145 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 32

  1. Carson EA, 2016, Prisoners in 2015
  2. Carson EA, 2017, Corrections statistical analysis tool (CSAT): prisoners
  3. Durose MR, 2014, Recidivism of prisoners released in 30 states in 2005: patterns from 2005 to 2010
  4. 10.7208/chicago/9780226190174.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Harris A, 2016, A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as a Permanent Punishment for Poor People
  6. Herbert CW, 2015, Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci., 1, 44
  7. Inter-Am. Comm. Hum. Rights., 2015, Refugees and Migrants in the United States: Families and Unaccompanied Children
  8. Minton TD, 2016, Jail inmates in 2015
  9. Murphey D, 2015, Parents Behind Bars: What Happens to their Children?
  10. Natl. Acad. Sci. Eng. Med., 2017, Innovations in Federal Statistics: Combining Data Sources While Protecting Privacy
  11. Petersilia J, 2014, Harv. Law Policy Rev., 8, 327
  12. Petersilia J, 2015, Stanford J. Crim. Law Policy, 2, 1
  13. Rodriguez M, 2017, Ban the Box: U.S. Cities, Counties, and States to Adopt Fair Hiring Policies.
  14. 10.2307/799046 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Sugie NF, 2015, Soc. Probl., 62, 550
  16. Sykes G, 1958, The Society of Captives: A Study of Maximum Security Prisons
  17. Turney K, 2016, Conducting in-depth interviews with jailed fathers and their family members: Feasibility and challenges
  18. UK Minist. Justice., 2017, Proven re-offending statistics quarterly bulletin, April 2014 to March 2015
  19. US Cust. Bord. Prot., 2016, Statement by Secretary Johnson on Southwest Border Security
  20. US Dep. Homel. Secur., 2008, 2007 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics
  21. US Dep. Homel. Secur., 2016, 2015 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics
  22. US Dep. Homel. Secur., 2016, Immigration Enforcement Actions: 2014
  23. US Dep. Homel. Secur., 2017, Memorandum: Enforcement of Immigration Laws to Serve the National Interest
  24. US Dep. Hous. Urban Dev., 2016, Application of Fair Housing Act Standards to the Use of Criminal Records by Providers of Housing and Real Estate–Related Transactions
  25. US Dep. Justice., 2000, 1998 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
  26. US Dep. Justice., 2002, 1999 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
  27. US Dep. Justice., 2002, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
  28. Walmsley R, 2016, World Prison Population List
  29. 10.2307/3088944 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Western B, 2015, Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci., 1, 14
  31. Western B, 2010, Collateral Costs: Incarceration's Effect on Economic Mobility
  32. Wildeman C, 2014, J. Gender Race Justice, 17, 367

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 348

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Kirk, D. S., & Wakefield, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Criminology
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2018-01-13
Volume
1
Issue
1
Pages
171-194
ISSN
2572-4568 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092045
OpenAlex
W2118512134
Cited by
346
References
146
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 10
FWCI
5.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
Annual Review of Criminology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
  • Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
Keywords
mass incarceration, employment effects, health effects, debt, citizen participation, family impact, community impact, selection bias, treatment effect heterogeneity, causal mechanisms, data infrastructure, criminal justice policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review