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Cited by 115Memory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Functions and MemoryMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Memory and Reward-Based Learning: A Value-Directed Remembering Perspective

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Knowlton, Barbara J., Castel, Alan D.·2022·Annual Review of Psychology
DOI 10.1146/annurev-psych-032921-050951
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Abstract

The ability to prioritize valuable information is critical for the efficient use of memory in daily life. When information is important, we engage more effective encoding mechanisms that can better support retrieval. Here, we describe a dual-mechanism framework of value-directed remembering in which both strategic and automatic processes lead to differential encoding of valuable information. Strategic processes rely on metacognitive awareness of effective deep encoding strategies that allow younger and healthy older adults to selectively remember important information. In contrast, some high-value information may also be encoded automatically in the absence of intention to remember, but this may be more impaired in older age. These different mechanisms are subserved by different neural substrates, with left-hemisphere semantic processing regions active during the strategic encoding of high-value items, and automatic enhancement of encoding of high-value items may be supported by activation of midbrain dopaminergic projections to the hippocampal region.

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  • Awareness of one's memory capacity limitations plays a crucial part in strategy selection.

    “the awareness of one's memory capacity limitations plays a crucial part in strategy selection.”

    From The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization (2023) · cites this paper as Knowlton and Castel (2022)

  • Knowlton and Castel proposed a dual-process model in which deliberate and automatic pathways can be utilized for memorization.

    “Knowlton and Castel (2022) proposed a dual-process model in which deliberate and automatic pathways can be utilized for memorization.”

    From The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization (2023) · cites this paper as Knowlton and Castel (2022)

  • Automatic processes can trigger memorization based on value.

    “automatic processes can trigger memorization based on value.”

    From The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization (2023) · cites this paper as Knowlton and Castel (2022)

  • Information that is explicitly recognized as being important is often intentionally practiced using various techniques.

    “information that is explicitly recognized as being important is often intentionally practiced using various techniques”

    From The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization (2023) · cites this paper as Knowlton and Castel (2022)

  • Learners being or becoming aware of this bottleneck make better decisions that in turn optimize the number of high-value items they are able to store by being more selective.

    “learners being (or becoming) aware of this bottleneck make better decisions that in turn optimize the number of high-value items they are able to store by being more selective.”

    From The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization (2023) · cites this paper as Knowlton and Castel (2022)

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Authors
Knowlton, B. J., & Castel, A. D.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Knowlton, Barbara J.
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2022-01-04
Volume
73
Issue
1
Pages
25-52
ISSN
  • 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-2085
DOI
10.1146/annurev-psych-032921-050951
OpenAlex
W3204721582
Cited by
115
References
139
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 1
FWCI
2.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
memory encoding, reward learning, metacognitive awareness, automatic encoding, aging, older adults, semantic processing, left hemisphere, dopaminergic pathways, hippocampus
MeSH terms
Metacognition, Aged, Humans, Mental Recall, Reward

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